The Fountainhead Essay -- Biography, Wynand

In spite of Gail Wynands individualism and creative spirit in The Fountainhead, he compromises these values in his work and succumbs to the power of the people, accept this double identity to be his only option in achieving the power he seeks. A simple credo governs Gail Wynands life I Do turn over things around here. Originally a statement affirming his drive to rise above, this assertion quickly becomes a measure of Wynands self-wortha self-worth based merely upon his power over others. His deep respect for the greatness of mankind and the integral dignity of the independent man is made irrelevant in his life by a single, core fallacy the futility and inevitable demise of integrity.On a tenement rooftop at age sixteen, Gail Wynand decides to conquer the city where he does not run things finished the power of the written word (Rand 405). Working diligently and for his own purposes, young Wynand shows promise toward becoming a selfish creator and a example man. Perhaps you could add a bit here to describe what a selfish creator is how that makes a moral man?But with Wynands first self-righteous theme against corruption comes the devastating blow to his belief in honest men. To what does this refer? The true Gail Wynand dies, and the man who takes his place holds an unshakable contempt for integrity and the victimhood it presupposes. In Wynands mind, integrity will only make him a victim to the very forces he swore to conquer. Why? He sees a dichotomy between success and self-respect, and when he forces himself to learn between the man he wants to be and the things he feels he needs to prove These things he needs to proveis this referring to conquering the city? Proving his success to others through powe... ... creates victims yeah, this will be stronger once you go into more detail above about why he came to believe that integrity is impossible/dangerous , Gail Wynand chooses to abandon his, and makes himself a victim anyway. By pandering to the lurid whims of the people, Gail Wynand makes himself a slave, dependent upon public approval and compliance. He never gets what he desires out of the bargain because he is no seven-day capable of desiring anything. Roark and Wynand are very alikeneither one was born to be a second-handerbut one fundamental inverse separates them (663). Wynand lives only for the tick off that others will grant him he lives for everything except his own integrity and chooses not to commit suicide because he can find nothing worth end for. Roark, on the other hand, claims, I could die for you. But I couldnt and wouldnt live for you (608).

Medicine and Drugs - Direct to Consumer Pharmaceutical Marketing Essay

The Problems of Direct to Consumer Pharmaceutical Marketing In 1997, the Food and do drugs Administration relaxed its restrictions on direct-to-consumer marketing of pharmaceuticals. Prior to this ruling, drug manufacturers were interdict from mentioning both the name of the drug and its indications in consumer-directed advertisements without also including a large amount of technical information slightly the drug, including all known side effects, contraindications, and pane recommendations (Stevens, 1998). In addition to interfering with the appeal of the advertisements, such requirements rendered broadcast ads infeasible due to time constraints, and hindered ads in print media due to cost and space availability. These requirements were abolished in the 1997 FDA policy changes, and pharmaceutical companies were permitted to market drugs by name as treatments for specific conditions, with the minimal requirement that ads give mention to major risks identified in clinical trials (Melillo, 2001). As a result, manufacturer expenditures on direct-to-consumer advertising, which totaled $791 million in 1996, rose to $2.6 billion for the year 2000 (Mitchell, 2001). Television, radio, and print media became saturated with ads promoting treatments for conditions ranging from depression to high cholesterol. name such as Zoloft, Claritin, and Lipitor, which were previously known mostly to health professionals, quickly became part of the national vocabulary. Consequently, spending on prescription drugs has increased significantly everywhere the past several years as consumers are enticed to seek advertised medications (HealthBizNews.com, 2001). This new face of drug marketing has sparked a raging debate about the accompanying e... ...e of drug advertising? Business Week. May 22, 2000. p52. Melillo, Wendy. Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising Under Fire Senate to Determine if Such Work Hikes Prescription Costs. Adweek. May 21, 2001. Mitchell, Steve. Drug adverti sing raises concerns. www.msnbc.com. 2001. Miller, Susan. Rx view DTC Ads Provide the Right Prescription. Brandweek. June 2 29, 1998. Selling Drugs. American Demographics. January, 1998. p. 26. Shapiro, Joseph and S. Schultz. Prescriptions How your doctor makes the choice. US News and World Report. February 19, 2001. p. 58. Stevens, Tim. To Your Health. Industry Week. September 7, 1998. p. 56. Subcommittee Hears Debate on Cosumer Drug Advertising. www.healthbiznews.com. 2000. Tanner, Lindsey. Health and Science Doctors propose ban on drug advertising. Nando Times. www.nando.net. June 18, 2001.

Vietnam - And Domino Theory Essay -- essays research papers fc

The revolutionary worldwide spread of communism has always been a great fright to the USA. In the past, the States has gone to many wars to psychologically protect its ideology a winst powerful nations. That the half mask theory and the cold war mentality held by the USA, primarily justified their affaire in Vietnam. It was after World War Two that the USAs interest in Vietnam came about. Eisenhower and Dulles contrevsial domino theory with the fear of a communist-dominated regime in Vietnam and surrounding countries sparked an increase in Americas involvement. There were also secondary factors that influence the Americans such as, political and economic interests over rude materials, etc. The USA and France had separate and completely different aims, ideas and interests regarding Vietnam and Indo-china. The USs involvement began with supplying the French with military aid to a full-scale draftee defense force, fighting battles on the ground. At a time, when the cold war was at a peak between the US and the USSR, and after the victory of stopping South Korea becoming a communist state. The USA out of all the allies in the Vietnam War was the only country involved primarily because of the domino theory. The history of the domino theory played a significant role throughout the cold war and was Americas greatest fear and motivation. The history of the Vietnamese people is marked by their continual struggle for independence. They resisted Chinese domination for one thousand years, only to see the French gain control in 1884. For seventy years the French ruled Vietnam, and for seventy years the Vietnamese resisted. When the French, in the mid-19th century, established tentative control over the southernmost provinces of Vietnam (which they called Cochin China), Vietnamese government officials ("mandarins") withdrew and refused to serve them. When the French expanded to central and northern Vietnam (Annam and Tonkin), they were met by a forceful resis tance movement led by the educated elite of the country, who mobilized peasants to fight the French in pitched battles and guerrilla raids. Even after Emperor Ham Nghi -- in whose name the Vietnamese struggled -- was captured and exiled to Algeria in 1888, the movement continued. Ultimately, sheer military force enabled the French to subdue the land, if not the people. After the defeat of the ... ...      Vietnam A dragon embattled. New York Praeger, 1967. Buttinger, Joseph.          The Two Vietnams. New York, Praeger 1967.          American policy in South East Asia, New York Institute of pacific relations, 1950.          The struggle for Indo-china. Stanford Stanford University press, 1966.Internet resources-          Vietnam Veterans                http//www.nps.gov/vive/index2.htm                    U.S. History Pages               http//web.uvic.ca/hrd/history.learn-teach/VietnamPage.htm          The Vietnam Alliance               http//www.fva.org/

Grapes of Wrath :: Essays Papers

Grapes of Wrath In the beginning of the novel The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads are faced with the challenge of traveling rout 66 all the way to calcium. This is their resolve for being tractored off their land and having no way to support the large family. This challenge is similar to the depression in 1929, when many people incapacitated their jobs, home, and their safe and sound invigoration. The last of the family, the few left in end of the book represent the survivors of the depression. I dont believe that the ending was adequate because it could have utter the struggle much more dramatically to prove a stronger point.In the beginning of the Joads journey they have their arms ready with hope of a brighter life and a little over a hundred bucks. Their journey truly begins when they are tractored off the land by a man on a machine. The man was an extension of the machine. This quote demonstrates the loss of individuality the man was nothing but a pawn in industrial game. Throughout the journey to California they run across many other people just like them, aiming for the same(p) goal, California. This parallels to the depression again in how the large amounts of people, that were broke, hungry, and homeless, were all looking for the same goal, a better life.Mas quote, Use ta be the fambly was fust. It aint so now. Its anybody worse off we get, the more we got to do. ,shows how the family lost its fire or strive. Ma is saying that even when the fambly was fussing about things they still were lively, unlike now, they have no motivation and they are in a dead state of overwhelmed foresight. Ma is doing all that she can to not only keep the family together, but also keep the family going in the right education while dealing with her own issues of constant overwhelming defeat.The novel closes with Rosa of Sharon offering her dead babys breast milk to a stranger, the give of a boy the Joads found leaning over him. While committing the ge sture a mysterious smile crosses her lips. These closing lines signify the Christian belief that the Nazarene gave holy communion, his own flesh and blood, like Rosa of Sharon gave her milk.

Advertising Essays -- essays research papers

ADVERTISING RIGHT OR WRONGThe largest money-making industry in the United States instantly is advertising. During events such as the Super Bowl, companies pay large sums of money in return for thirty seconds of song time. Advertising is the act of promoting a product by informing the public of the products worth. Whether it be television, radio, or newspapers, companies must find a distinct call and phrase that one can associate with their product nonetheless, the great unwashed often take offense to these name and phrases. People claim that often times these product names promote racial stereotypes and racial disunity. While both(prenominal) people may take offense to the name of the product as substantially as the commission companies go about selling their product, the First Amendment undermines these offenses by allowing all Americans to have the right to freedom of expression. Companies do not, however, have the right to choose any name or phrase for their product. Vari ous government agencies garnish strict limits on what can and what cannot be done by the advertising industries. By realizing that advertising is the perform of ones First Amendment right, as well as knowing the rules for advertising, one can conclude that advertising does not promote racial disunity or racism.The purpose of the First Amendment is to allow Americans the freedom to express how they feel therefore, advertising is simply a practice of this right. If groups do not lik... Advertising Essays -- essays research papers ADVERTISING RIGHT OR WRONGThe largest money-making industry in the United States today is advertising. During events such as the Super Bowl, companies pay large sums of money in return for thirty seconds of air time. Advertising is the act of promoting a product by informing the public of the products worth. Whether it be television, radio, or newspapers, companies must find a distinct name and phrase that one can associate with their produc t nonetheless, people often take offense to these names and phrases. People claim that often times these product names promote racial stereotypes and racial disunity. While some people may take offense to the name of the product as well as the way companies go about selling their product, the First Amendment undermines these offenses by allowing all Americans to have the right to freedom of expression. Companies do not, however, have the right to choose any name or phrase for their product. Various government agencies set strict limits on what can and what cannot be done by the advertising industries. By realizing that advertising is the practice of ones First Amendment right, as well as knowing the rules for advertising, one can conclude that advertising does not promote racial disunity or racism.The purpose of the First Amendment is to allow Americans the freedom to express how they feel therefore, advertising is simply a practice of this right. If groups do not lik...

Advertising Essays -- essays research papers

ADVERTISING RIGHT OR WRONGThe largest property-making industry in the United States today is publicize. During events such(prenominal) as the Super Bowl, companies pay large sums of money in return for thirty seconds of air time. Advertising is the act of promoting a harvest-feast by making known the public of the products worth. Whether it be television, radio, or newspapers, companies must adjust a distinct name and phrase that one can associate with their product nonetheless, plurality much take offense to these names and phrases. People fill that often times these product names promote racial stereotypes and racial disunity. While some people may take offense to the name of the product as well as the way companies go about selling their product, the First Amendment undermines these offenses by in allowing all Americans to expect the right to granting immunity of expression. Companies do not, however, have the right to choose any name or phrase for their product. Vario us government agencies set strict limits on what can and what cannot be done by the advertising industries. By realizing that advertising is the practice of ones First Amendment right, as well as knowing the rules for advertising, one can conclude that advertising does not promote racial disunity or racism.The purpose of the First Amendment is to allow Americans the freedom to express how they feel therefore, advertising is simply a practice of this right. If groups do not lik... Advertising Essays -- essays research papers ADVERTISING RIGHT OR WRONGThe largest money-making industry in the United States today is advertising. During events such as the Super Bowl, companies pay large sums of money in return for thirty seconds of air time. Advertising is the act of promoting a product by informing the public of the products worth. Whether it be television, radio, or newspapers, companies must find a distinct name and phrase that one can associate with their product none theless, people often take offense to these names and phrases. People claim that often times these product names promote racial stereotypes and racial disunity. While some people may take offense to the name of the product as well as the way companies go about selling their product, the First Amendment undermines these offenses by allowing all Americans to have the right to freedom of expression. Companies do not, however, have the right to choose any name or phrase for their product. Various government agencies set strict limits on what can and what cannot be done by the advertising industries. By realizing that advertising is the practice of ones First Amendment right, as well as knowing the rules for advertising, one can conclude that advertising does not promote racial disunity or racism.The purpose of the First Amendment is to allow Americans the freedom to express how they feel therefore, advertising is simply a practice of this right. If groups do not lik...

A Touchdown on Friendship

It was my uncle who made me realize that love could be shared to anyone or anything. Love could be shared with friends, it could be expressed through ones passion, and it could even be shared with a favorite pet. Through my uncles pet, I lettered the true inwardness of friendship and the true meaning of love.My uncle asked me to temporarily adopt his dog one summer since he would be moving out of the country due to spurt related issues. I had no idea why he chose me to take occupy of his dog when he knew that I was quite irresponsible at the epoch of twelve.Maybe, it was the exact reason why he gave me the responsibility. The Dogs name was Touchdown, a black Labrador who was already a year old. The first few old age were torture for me.My room was located near the backyard where I initially placed Touchdown and he would howl his way to sleep. I assumed that he was missing my uncle and unattended his cries. However, three days of sleepless nights forced me to give him a check. T he minute I opened the back doorsill of the house, he pushed his way in and walked right to my bedroom.Right then and there, it was state that my room was also his room. I normally woke up late since there was no school to worry about. My mother would often rap at my door to make sure that I woke up early and help with the chores. When Touchdown became my roommate, he also became my alarm clock. He would bark continuously to wake me so I could let him out to do his thing.While Touchdown has become a permanent fixture in my bedroom, he still seemed wary around me. There were times that he would still bark at me when I come home or he would ignore the commands I asked him.I complained this to my uncle during one of his phone calls. He told me that I assimilate to gain Touchdowns trust and show him my authority so that he would follow my commands.One dog lover friend told me that I have to spend more than time with Touchdown to attain these. My bewilder with Touchdown grew as the weeks passed by. He became my regular buddy and became a part of my peer group as well. I could consider the bond that we had as a genuine friendship between a child and a dog. I would have to say that Touchdown taught me what unconditional love meant.No matter how I scolded him and no matter how I neglected him when I was busy with other things he still remained loyal, affectionate, and trusting. Although he never let looseed to me, he had communicated his unconditional love to me with more than words. His actions told me that he was always there whenever I needed him. His love was unselfish and limitless.Touchdown changed my life that summer. When the summer ended, my uncle came back and took Touchdown with him. I was sad that Touchdown was leaving but was prosperous when I saw my uncles face and Touchdowns reaction when they finally reunited. They looked so happy to see each other again. As much as I would have liked Touchdown to stay, I knew that he would be happier with my un cle.I know my uncle wanted me to learn new things by giving me the responsibility of taking care of his dog. I am not sure, however, if he knew how deep the impact was. I am grateful that my uncle entrusted me his beloved dog one summer.Through Touchdown, I have learned the true meaning of friendship and love. Loving a friend means giving unconditional love, trust, and support. Learning that from a dog that could not even talk only proves that action speaks louder than words.

Mike and Marty Scanlon Essay

People often have difficulty believing that microphone and Marty Scanlon are brothers, let alone twins. The two men sham a resemblance, but the similarity ends there. Marty Scanlon was always a quiet, well-behaved child. He excelled in all his academic subjects throughout his school years, although he was shy and had some friends. Marty would always be polite to people, but he generally preferred to keep to himself. After college, Marty became a successful network administrator for a intumescent financial company and married his longtime girlfriend. A dedicated family man, Marty spends most of his free time doing home improvement projects and looking after his two children. mike Scanlon, on the other hand, could neer be described as shy. He was the student that teachers dreaded having in their classroom boisterous, unruly, and indifferent to authority. Mike had many brushes with the jurisprudence throughout his high school years, for crimes ranging from vandalism to public drun kenness. Mike dropped out of high school to take a job as an oil-change technician at a local garage he spends most of free time and money at local bars- at least the ones that havent banned him for scratch line fights.Mikes current legal trouble surrounds two of his ex-girlfriends, who are independently taking him to court for child support. Mike is unfazed, however he laughs with his friends that theyll never get a dime from him. 1. How would Freud explain the personality differences between Mike and Marty? 2. How would you rate Mike and Marty on the Big Five personality traits? 3. Given that Mike and Marty are twins and share some of their genetic makeup, how would you explain the pronounced differences in their personalities? What role, if any, does temperament seem to be playing? 4. Which of the two brothers seems more apparent to be achieving self-actualization, and why do you think so? 5. Do Mike and Marty appear to have different levels of intelligence, or do they show int elligence in different ways? Why do you think so?

Corporate Veil

Introduction The main concept in the assignment is about corporate personality. offset printing of all, we look at to clarify the meaning and characteristics of family. In short, comp each means a body of persons combined for a common object. A company know at that place must be a group of persons that more than 1 persons. In eyes of law, a company is a break open legal personality from its members. In Section 16(5) CA1965, it stated that a body corporate obligations and liabilities are its own, and not those of its participation it buns sue and be sued in its own name the blank space is not the property of its participants and company can enter into a contract.Whilst, we need to understand the types of Joes company belong to. In section 16(4), it stated that company divided into 4 types that are limited by shares, limited by guarantee, limited by guarantee and shares and the last one was unlimited companies. While Joes company belongs to company limited by shares, it means t hat members liability is limited to unpaid amount on the shares taken up by them, it stated in section 18(3) CA 1965. From the whole assignment, we need to identify whether corporate veil can be lifted in the particular situation.So, we need to obtain an understanding what is corporate veil. Corporate veil it can define as separates company from its members, or we can say that legal person (company) separate from its members. Since company is a separate entity with its members, the company has power to hold land, enjoys perpetual succession even the death of one of its member, the company will not dissolve. Next, we liberation to identify in what situation corporate veil will be lifted. Lifting the corporate veil it means that separation between company and its participants does not exist anymore.The court will lift the corporate veil when controllers behave some unethical behavior, or controllers concern about their interest much more than opposite parties interest. Corporate vei l may be lifted either by the courts/case law or by statutory. Under case law it can be divided into 6 different categories, it shows as below i. Fraud It means individual used the separate legal entity to do something forbidden from doing to cancel from legal obligation. ii. Agency It means authority or capacity of one person to create legal relations between a person occupying the incline of principle and third parties. ii. Group of companies Group of companies means that corporate group structure corporate veil is lifted to treat the parent company as li open for the acts of the subsidiary. iv. Single economic entities It means each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate rights and liabilities v. tax revenue evasion Company trying to reduce tax by inter transfer their assets between subsidiary vi. Tortious brings It means allows lawsuits by people who claim that they have been harmed by wrongful acts, including negligence by governmen t agencies or their employees.Under statutory, i. Section 36 Company Act 1965 By this section where the scrap of members of a company falls to one and the sole remaining member knowingly carries on business for a period longer than six months, he will be personally liable for the debts incurred after the first six months. ii. Section 121(1) & (2) Company Act 1965 By this section where an officer signs on behalf of the company, a cheque, promissory note etc, and the companys name is not properly stated in that respectin, he will be personally liable to the holder of that chronicle etc, if the company does not pay. ii. Section 67 Company Act 1965 A company cannot give financial assistance directly or indirectly to any person to purchase its own shares. iv. Section 169 Company Act 1965 Directors of a holding company are required to produce group accounts in which the assets, liabilities, gather and losses of the group as a whole are reflected. v. Section 140 Income Tax Act 1967 By this section the Director General of interior Revenue may ignore any transaction or disposition which has the effect of avoiding or evading tax. vi.Section 365(2) Company Act 1965 If a dividend is paid when there are no profits available, every directors and manager of the company who willfully paid or permitted the payment of dividend is guilty of an offense. vii. Section 303(3) Company Act 1965 In the course of a winding up, it appears that an officer of a company who was party to the contracting of a debt had no reasonable expectation that the company would be able to pay the debt, the court may declare that the officer be liable for the payment of the whole or part of the debt. iii. Section 304(1) Company Act 1965 If in the course of a winding up it appears that the business of a company has been carried out on with the intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, the court, on the application of the liquidator, may declare that any persons who were knowing partie s to the fraud are liable to make such contributions (if any) to the companys assets as the court thinks proper.

Factors Influencing Career Choice Among the Senior High School

A thesis in the incision of Psychology and Education, Faculty of EDUCATIONAL STUDIES Submitted to the School of alum Studies, University of Education, Winneba, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of the Master of Philosophy (M. Phil pleader & Counselling) degree JULY, 2011 DECLARATION STUDENTS DECLARATION I, DANIEL KWASI GAMELI AVUGLA decl ar that this Thesis, with the exception of quotations and confabulateences contained in published hold outs which have each(prenominal) being determine and duly acknow conductged, is entirely my witness original spend a penny, and it has non been submitted, either in part or whole for an separate degree elsew here(predicate)SIGNATURE ..DATE ..SUPERVISORS DECLARATIONI hereby decl ar that the preparation and presentation of this turn tail was supervised by me in accordance with the guidelines for the supervision of Thesis laid down by the University of Education, Winneba.NAME OF SUPERVISOR ..SIGNATURE ..DATE .DEDICATIONI dedicate this tap to my de atomic number 18st wife Rose and children Albert, Elikplim and Herbert. ABSTRACT The researcher set out to investigate factors that square off calling superior among the senior in high spirits school students in the in the south Tongu District of Volta Region, Ghana, and the extent to which those factors run students survival of the fittest.Survey design was used. The main instrument used for info collection was questionnaire. Simple random stress techniques was used to select cc students, and convenient take in techniques used to select three administrators and three steer period and commission coordinators for the report card from the three public warrant cycle institutions in the District. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analysing data. The construct validity was established employ factor analysis and reliability using Cronbachs alpha.The results of the main hypothesis and the research questions postulated for th e nurture revealed that Intrinsic factors reliably predicted biography extract suggesting that Extrinsic factors and loving factors are not signifi usher outt predictors when the effects of Extrinsic factors and intersomebodyal factors are controlled for. This assists students learn astir(predicate) and explore gos that ultimately lead to locomote survival. This played a critical character reference in shaping students race choice.It was recommended that life story Education and Guidance should be introduced in the primary school to enable children to explore the creative activity of campaign as young people need to take hold a smooth transition from primary school to the initial years of senior high school and the Ministry of Education should allocate fund for a Guidance and Counselling activities in all basic and second cycle schools. This will enable the counseling coordinators to function effectively at their various takes of work.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am most grate ful to the Almighty God for His loving care and mercy which has do it possible for me to have sex this work. I excessively wish to acknowledge with gratitude, the encouragement, corrections and guidance given to me by Mrs. Mary A. Ackummey and Professor M. F. Alonge, my supervisor and co-supervisor respectively for this work to be completed. I am also grateful to Professor J. K. Aboagye, the Head of Department and Dr. Richard Ofori, the Director for research at the National Centre for Research into Basic Education (NCRIBE) for their consume assistance.He also became my final supervisor to make this work complete. I wish to express my appreciation to Messrs K. T. Agor and C. F. K. Nyadudzi, the Headmasters of Sogakope Senior High School and Dabala Senior High Technical. And also Rev. Father Gbordzoe, the Principal of Comboni Technical vocational Institute for their assistance in allowing me to administer my questionnaires in their schools. I am grateful to Mr. C. Y. Ablana who a llowed me to use his office during the period.Finally I wish to express my gratitude to all those who service of subroutine in diverse ways throughout the entire work for their criticism, encouragement and corrections. Special thanks go to Dr. Asare Amoah of Department of Psychology and Education who takes his time to see to it that the necessary corrections were carried out.TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT PAGEDeclaration i Dedication ii Abstract iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Content v List of Tables x List of Figures xiCHAPTER ONE1. 1 Background to the Study 1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 4 1. 3 Purpose of the Study 5 1. 4 Hypotheses 6 1. 5 Research Questions 6 1. 6 The Signifi ceasece of the Study 6 1. 7Delimitation 7 1. 8 comment of Terms 7 1. Organisation of the Study 8CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF link LITERATURE2. 1 Introduction 9 2. 2 Factors Influencing Vocational pick 9 2. 3 Career Decision Making 17 2. 3. 1 Trait-and-Factor guess/ Actuarial Theory of Career Development 20 2. 3. 2 Hollands Personality fibre Theory 23 2. . 3 Anne Roes Personality/ posit Theory 28 2. 3. 4 The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman Theory 31 2. 3. 5 Supers Self-concept Theory 32 2. 3. 6 Four-Humors Theory 35 2. 3. 7 Social Cognitive Theory 39 2. 4 Types of Career 41 2. Barriers to public life choice 43 2. 6 The Role of Guidance and Counselling Coordinator in Career Choice and Development 45 2. 7 The Implications of the Study 48 2. 8 speculative Framework of the Study 49 2. 8 Summary 57CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY3. 1Introduction59 3. Research Design 59 3. 3 Population 59 3. 4 Sample and sampling Procedure 61 3. 5 Study area 62 3. 6 Instrumentation 62 3. 6. 1 Assessment of Validity and Reliability of factors influencing students choice of travel questionnaire 63 3. Method of Data Collection 66 3. 8Data Analysis 66CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS67 4. 1Analysis of Students Bio Data 67 4. 1. 1 Sex scattering of Students 67 4. 1. jump on Distri saveion of Students 68 4. 1. 3 computer pro gramme Pursue by Students 69 4. 1. 4 Intended Careers of Students 70 4. 2 Testing of Main Hypothesis 71 4. 3 Testing of appendage Hypotheses 73 4. 3. 1 Sex Differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Interpersonal Factors 73 4. 3. Age Differences on Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Interpersonal Factors 74 4. 4Analysis of Qualitative Data 76 4. 4. 1 Analysis of Bio Data collected from Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 76 4. 4. 2 Sex Distribution of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. 3 Age Distribution of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. Position of Respondents 78 4. 4. 5 Number of years served by the Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators in their various institutions 78 4. 5 Qualitative Analysis of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators Data 79CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS88 5. 1 Discussion 88 5. . 1 The Extent to which Int rinsic Factors mold Students Choice of Career 88 5. 1. 2 The Extent to which Extrinsic Factors Influence Students Choice of Career 90 5. 1. 3 The Extent to which Interpersonal Factors Influence Students Choice of Career91 5. 1. 4 Problems Students face in fashioning their Career Choice 92 5. 2 Summary of the Findings 93 5. 3 Conclusion 95 5. 4Recommendations 95 5. Suggestions for except Studies 97 References 98 Appendix A- Factors influencing students choice of locomote questionnaire 105 Appendix B- Validated version of factors influencing students choice of course questionnaire 109 Appendix C- Open ended questionnaire for Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 113 Appendix D- Population of final year students in the three public second cycle institutions for 2010/2011 academic Year. 117 Appendix E- Letter of Introduction 119LIST OF TABLESTable Page 2. Supers Vocational Developmental Tasks 34 2. 2 Jobs suitable and concerns to be avoided by unmarriedly dis reconcileion showcase 39 3. 1 Population of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 60 3. 2Distribution of respondents by institutions 61 3. 3Item listings and factor loadings for the four-factor principal comp iodinent resolution 65 4. 1 Distribution of students by intended choice 71 4. Logistic regression model of race choice (white- clerical collar job & blue-collar job) as a function of Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Interpersonal factors. 73 4. 3 Summary statistics and Independent-samples T-test on their influence on the two sex groups 74 4. 4ANOVAshowing the effect of age on Extrinsic factors 75 4. 5ANOVA showing the effect of age on Intrinsic factors 75 4. 6 ANOVA showing the effect of age on Interpersonal factors 76LIST OF FIGURESFigure Page 2. 1 Holland hexagonal model 27 2. 2 A diagram Reciprocal Causation 40 2. 3 Theoretical model of Career choice 57 4. 1 Sex Distribution of students. 68 4. 2 Age Distribution of students 69 4. 3 Distribution of the Responde nts by Programme 70 4. 4 Age Distribution of Administrators and Guidance nd Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 5 Position of the Respondents 78 4. 6 Number of years served by the Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinator in their various institutions 78CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1. 1 Background to the Study The importance of passage choice among senior high students cannot be over emphasized. Students at this level are generally adolescents who are moving from this stage of victimisation into adulthood. Pearson Education limited (2007) defines an adolescent as a young person, usually in the midst of the ages of twelve and eighteen, who is developing into an adult.Encarta (2009) defines adolescent as, both(prenominal)body in the period preceding adulthood somebody who has reached puberty but not yet adult. At this stage the item-by-item is say to be going through the period of adolescence. A comprehensive study conducted in America by Remmers and Raddler (1957) cited in Horrocks (1962) indicated that terzetto of teenagers after finishing high school within six months expected to be at work, though know less somewhat how to need a job, train for it and establish in it. A job is a kind of work and a life history is time spent in one type of job area of chase (Kelly-Plate and Volz-Patton, 1991, p. 13). Most students have very little help in developing a charge direction era shut up in senior high school.They are ofttimes influenced by the media, peers, and with very little knowledge of what they might primarily be interested in or motivated to do. Most of them may have a level of uncertainty of where to get help on how to drive a line of achievement. Since calling is a womb-to-tomb plan, students at this level should be assisted to enable them have a outdoors cut plan as it will be difficult for them at their age to see things clearly about themselves. Thinking or do a finding about ones line of achievement and qualification a choic e is vital. Fry, Stoner and Hattwick (1998) opine that it is never too early to begin thinking about rushs when in high school. Some students may have clear career direction in mind while many an(prenominal) of them will have little clue as to which career is best for them.Fry et al, further said even if you are a freshman or sopho much, now is the time to begin thinking about your life beyond college p. 561. Various people choose jobs for various reasons. A lot of people look for jobs that will pay well since everyone needs money for the basics such as food, clothes, accommodation, education, recreation and early(a)s. For many men and women, work helps define their identity and their sense of self-worth (Thio, 1989). They see themselves as people, who are responsible, who get things done and capable enough to be paid for the service they render. hoi polloi take pride in the work they do. They also like the feeling that comes with doing their work well.People enjoy using their s kills, talents and working hard to improve those skills. People work to be useful, by working people feel that they are contributing their quota to the development of the society. They may work to take care of themselves and their family or work to help other people in the society. Most people choose jobs that will enable them interact with others. For example, journalism, teaching, and selling enable one to interact with a whole lot of people. They do not like to be alone for a long period. Their job gives them the hazard to be with others and talk to people. It is clear that work fulfils many chief(prenominal) needs and even those who become rich overnight still work.Since no one particular job satisfies all needs, the right job can be satisfying in a very special way, and that is why it is valuable to think carefully about ones own wants, needs, interests and abilities before making a choice. One needs not to joke about his choice of career. Working should not be just occupyi ng oneself. OToole (1973), cited in (Thio, 1989, p. 444) opines that People with satisfying jobs have amend mental health than those with less satisfying work. Thus, people who are happy with their jobs also tend to have better fleshly health and to live longer. Although diet, exercise, medical care and genetics are all affiliated to the incidence of heart disease, job dissatisfaction is more closely conjugated to the cause of death. Each individual is faced with choosing among the large areas of line of descental cluster of work.Such as agri socialisation, business and office, communication and media, health, hospitality and recreation, manufacturing, marine science, construction, arts, kind-heartedity and sciences, home economics, merchandise and distribution, natural resources and environment, personal services, public service, and transportation. Rao (1992) cited in Kankam & Onivehu (2000) identified two factors that call for guidance and instruction services or activit ies in lower-ranking schools one of which is the making of academic choice that in the end determines the vocational future. The origin of vocational guidance can be traced to the United States of America. Educational guidance originated from the development of vocational guidance services.In 1908 the Vocational Bureau of Boston was formed under the auspices of an American lawyer and educator Frank Parsons to assist young men make vocational choices found on their occupational aptitudes and interest (Fruehling, 2008). Guidance began to spread as a result of Parsons ideas. Brewer (1942) cited in Archer (1997) put crosswise four conditions that work together to bring about the beginning and development of vocational guidance. These are division of labour, the growth of technology, the extension of vocational education, and the spread of young forms of democracy. The four elements listed above were however, intensified by the First World War which led to the shortage of skilled man power.Though in Ghana vocational/technical can be traced back to the 19th century when both the Basel and Wesleyan missionaries made a shift from the initial three Rs reading, writing and arithmetical to agricultural and technical curriculum (Hama, 2003), guidance in Ghana started in 1955 when the Ministry of Labour, Education and Social Welfare came together and established Youth Employment Department. Its designate was to cater for the needs of the unemployed middle school leavers below the age of twenty years. By 1960, there were about thirty of such centres in the untaught (Ackummey, 2003). 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Searching for a job, career planning and deciding on what to choose play an important role in students career choices.Many students often are faced with uncertainty and stress as they make career choices. Many of them do not make adequate research on their own career nor do they receive adequate directions from their school guidance coordinators. Most of them are not aware of what goes into career choice. Many youth go into unsuitable careers due to ignorance, inexperience, peer pressure, advice from friends, parents and teachers or as a result of the prestige attached to certain jobs without adequate vocational guidance and career counselling. Lawer (2007) researched on assessing the effectiveness of career guidance in senior secondary schools in Kumasi Metropolitan District.He concluded that absolute major(ip)ity of students were not aware of major occupation groups in Ghana, knowledge of readiness and qualification necessary for employment in the various occupations, conditions of work, earning and other rewards of occupation, and did not have better understanding of their career interest, aptitudes and abilities. This clearly shows that majority of them were not concerned about their future career. This situation compels one to ask whether they are given the needed guidance on available careers relating to the programmes they are p ursuing. Are they aware of what goes into career choice? And what specific factors influence their choice and how do those factors influence them? This study therefore seeks to find out the extent to which intrinsic, extrinsic, and interpersonal factors influence the choice of career of senior high students. 1. 3 Purpose of the StudyThe decide of this study is to identify those factors that influence students decision concerning choice of career in the South Tongu District and the extent to which these factors influence their choices. In addition, the study seeks to examine the differences betwixt intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, and interpersonal factors in making career choice. It will also attempt to find out problems encountered by students in making their career choices. 4. Hypotheses The study sought to test a logistic regression model in which Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Interpersonal factors are assumed to influence students career (blue/white collar jobs) in the senior high schools.The quest supplementary hypotheses were also tested 1. There will be profound sex differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 2. There will be significant age differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 1. 5 Research Questions The chase research questions were also used to guide the researcher to carry out the study. 1. To what extent do Intrinsic factors influence students choice of career? 2. To what extent do Extrinsic factors influence students choice of career? 3. To what extent do Interpersonal factors influence students choice of career? 4. What problems do students face in making their career choices? 1. The Significance of the Study Many factors affect career choices of senior high school students. Identifying these factors would give parents, educators, and industry an idea as to where students tush most of their trust in the career selection process. It will not only focus on factors influencing career choice among students in the South Tongu District, but also highlight career decision making tools that have implications for career counselling. In addition, it will equally provide an update study into how intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors influence career choice for others who wish to further research into this area of study. 1. 7 DelimitationThe study focuses on what goes on in the South Tongu District quite of looking at the country as a whole, whence its application to the country or larger population may not be reliable. 1. 8 Definition of Terms For the object of this study the following operational definitions will be used Intrinsic factors include interest in the job and spirit that satisfies work. In the broader sense they are basic and essential features which form part of someone rather than because of his or her association. Extrinsic factors include availability of jobs and how well an occupation pays or brings benefit. They also include those essential features a s a result of the individuals associations or consequences.Interpersonal factors include the influence of parents and significant others. It is concerned or involved relationships mingled with people. Career is a pattern of work related to preparations and experiences which is carried through a persons life. Job is a piece of work carried out for a pay. Work physical and mental effort directed towards doing something. It is a job in the broader sense. Student refers to a learner in a senior high school. 1. 9 Organisation of the Study The whole study was organized in five main chapters.The source chapter deals with the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, hypotheses, and the significance of the study, delimitations, and definition of terms. The second chapter re sucked related literatures that are relevant to the study. It considers the previous studies on the topic. It includes other areas like factors influencing career choice, career decision-making, types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to career choice, the role of guidance co-ordinators in career choice, counselling implication of the study, theoretical framework of the study, and the summary of the literature review.Chapter three focuses on the methodology, the research design, population, sample and sampling procedure, instrumentation- validity, reliability and method of assemblage data and its analysis. Chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis, and finally, the fifth chapter covers discussion, summary of the major findings, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for future study. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction This chapter deals with the review of related literature. It was organized under the following sub-headings factors influencing vocational choice, career decision-making, Types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to career choice, the role of guidance coordinators in vocational gui dance, counselling implications of the study, and the theoretical framework of the study.It ends with the summary of the literature review done. 2. 2 Factors Influencing Vocational Choice Adolescent occupational choice is influenced by many factors, including intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors. Kankam & Onivehu (2000) indicate intellectual ability, aptitudes, the school, family, personality, self-esteem, values, interest, and environmental influences as factors that influence peoples choice of career. In the same year, Bedu-Addo (2000) states the following as factors influencing career choice intellectual ability, aptitudes, the school, family, personality, self concept and self esteem, values, interest, and environmental influences.Similarly, Taylor and Buku (2006) also state abilities, needs and interests, stereotype/prestige, values, the school/educational attainment, family/parental, placement, and aspiration. Mankoe (2007) lists the following as factors that influen ce peoples choice of career peoples interests, abilities and personalities, peoples occupational preferences, life and work satisfaction, and employment variables. Jones and Larke (2001) researched on factors influencing career choice of African American and Hispanic graduates of a Land-grant College of Agriculture. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the factors that were related to African American and Hispanic graduates decisions to choose (or not to choose) a career in agriculture or a related field prior to or after college.The population for this study was all African American and Hispanic graduates who received a first degree in an agriculture-related field at Texas A & M University between May 1990 and celestial latitude 1997. Five hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were mailed to respondents. The research design apply was Ex post facto and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The findings revealed that, various commonalities and diffe rences existed among the two groups. When respondents enrolled in their first agriculture-related course did not have a major effect on their probability that they will select an agriculture-related career. However, the role of significant others and specific job-related factors is formalize in this study.But having people who were not white to encourage respondents to consider an agriculture related career, increased respondents likelihood of pursuing an agriculture-related career. Respondents were more likely to pursue an agriculture-related career if their fathers occupation was agriculture-related. Parents level of education did not play a critical role in the respondents choosing an agriculture-related career. Salary was not considered to have an push on respondents choice of their current career nor on their choice of agriculture as a career. But having limited job opportunities in agriculture led respondents to choose other careers. Likewise, retirement plan and job opportu nities impacted respondents selection of a career.Issa and Nwalo (2005) conducted a research on factors touch the career choice of undergraduates in Nigerian Library and Information Science Schools. Data were analysed for frequency and percentage using the cross-tabs sub-programme of the SPSS. The study revealed that majority did not make the course as their first choice but ended up in the Library School as a last resort. However, those who did were influenced mostly by previous library work experience. Available sources of information on the course include parents/relations and peers. There are slightly more male librarianship students than female persons, indicating its popularity among both sexes. That 46. 9% of them were in the 22-26 age bracket showed that the younger undergraduates constitute the majority.The study concludes that despite the evidence of improved popularity of the programme among the respondents, it remains largely unpopular among prospective undergraduates i n Nigeria when compared with such other courses as Accountancy, Medicine and Law. It thus recommends that public awareness about the profession and the programme be intensified by all stakeholders if it must attract some of the best brains in the country who can meet the challenges of the 21st century librarianship in Nigeria. This work was similar to that of Jones and Larke (2001) in purpose, sample and method except that while Jones and Larke cogitate on African American and Hispanic graduates of college of agriculture, that of Issa and Nwalo concentrated on undergraduates in Nigerian Library and Information Science Schools. The research design applied and instrument used would be relevant to the present study.Myburgh (2005) researched on an empirical analysis of career choice factors that influence first-year Accounting students at the University of capital of South Africa a cross-racial study. This cross-cultural study examined the career choices of Asian, black and white stude nts at the University of Pretoria to identify the factors motivating Accountancy students to become rent accountants (CA) as only two and halve percent (609) of 24, 308 registered chartered accountants in South Africa in 2005 were black, and only six percent (1,573) were Indian. Understanding the attitudes and the perceptions of CA first-year students can help course administrators/curriculum designers to align marketing and recruiting strategies with specific personal ccupational preferences of different racial groups enrolled for local CA courses. Survey design was used. Questionnaires are used in collecting data with a sample population of 550 and descriptive statistics used in analysis data collected. The finding revealed that performance in Accounting at school and the advice of parent, relatives and school teachers greatly influenced the students decision to become chartered accountants. All the three racial groups ranked availability of employment as the most important benef it of CA career and the employment security as the second most important. The cost of education and the difficulty of qualifying as a chartered accountant were identified as a problem.The purpose, sample and method used in data collection were similar to that of the above authors except that he focused on first year Accounting Students of the University of Pretoria. His finding on cost of education as a problem was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Borchert (2002). The methodology used here would be relevant to the current work. Trauth, Quesenberry & Huang (2008) researched into A Multicultural Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice for Women in the Information Technology (IT) Workforce. This article presents an analysis of cultural/actors influencing the career choices of women in the IT workforce. They employed the individual differences theory of gender and IT as a theoretical lens to analyze a qualitative data set of interviews with 200 women in different countries.Th e themes that emerged from this analysis speak to the influence of cultural attitudes about maternity, childcare, parental care and working outside the home on a charrs choice of an IT career. In addition, several additional socio-cultural factors served to add further variation to gendered cultural influences gendered career norms, social class economic opportunity, and gender stereotypes about aptitude. These results lend further empirical support to the emergent individual differences theory of gender and IT that endeavours to theorize within-gender variation with respect to issues related to gender and IT. They also phase to areas where educational and workplace interventions can be enacted.This work was similar to others as far as purpose is concerned however, it focused just on women in the Information Technology Workforce. Borchert (2002) researched on career choice factors of high School Students. It aimed at finding out how influential were factors of personality, environ ment and opportunities in making career choice. The purpose of the study was to identify the most important factor within these three factors that 2002 Germantown High School senior students used in deciding upon career choices. A survey was the selected instrument device with a sample population of 325 and both descriptive statistics were used in analysing data collected. The finding revealed that, personality factors were identified as most important in choosing career.Environmental factors were not significant in making their choice, though they did not show outright disregard for them. There are opportunities for educational facilities and industries where students find themselves intellectually qualified for certain areas but lacked money needed to complete their training. His finding on lack of money to complete their training was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Myburgh (2005). The research design used, data collection procedure, and areas of assessing students choice we re related to the present work. Ferry (2006) researched into Factors Influencing Career Choices of Adolescents and Young Adults in Rural Pennsylvania.The qualitative study reported here explored factors that play key roles in rural high school seniors and young adults career choice process. Interview was used in collecting data from 12 focus groups from 11-county rural areas in the central Pennsylvania using purposeful sampling. The cultural and social context of family and community were found to be instrumental in how youth learn about careers and influential in the choice process. The economic and social circumstances of the broader community coloured and influenced the youth perceptions of give up career choice. Extension strategies that target parents and community to increase their involvement in youth career selection can promote sound career decisions. This work was similar to that of Borchert (2002).However, it used interview and concentrated on a focus group. The areas of assessing students choice were related to the present work. Adjin (2004) researched into career choice in senior secondary schools a case study of Sogakope Secondary and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools in the Volta Region of Ghana and used descriptive research design. He focused on factors that influence career choice, how proficient are the counsellors in handling students vocational problems in making career choice and ways of improving career/vocational education. He made use of stratified sampling with a sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics was used in analysis of data.The result of the study showed that interest was the most motivating factor that influenced career choice among students in Sogakope Senior Secondary and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools considering ability, interest, monetary reward, and prestige. Also majority of the students of Sogakope and Dabala second cycle schools received help from their parents/guardians in choosing career and some gave no reason for making their choices. Responses collected also indicated that there were guidance coordinators in the schools who organise talks on career choice, decision making and good study habits. However, other areas like problem solving, field trips/visit, group guidance/counselling, individual counselling were not all effective. His work was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method and target group.By contrast previous research by Amedzor (2003) and subsequent researches by Annan (2006) and Edwards & Quinter (2011) showed prestige, personality, and advancement opportunities and discipline experiences respectively as the most important factors that influence choice. The research design, instrument used and the areas covered in this work were similar to the present study. Amedzor (2003) researched on career guidance needs of junior secondary two pupils in Ho Township basic schools and used descriptive survey design. It focused on career guidance needs of adolescents in the basic schools, factors that militate against effective guidance services and factors that facilitate the delivery of guidance services in schools. She used undecomposable random sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics used in analysis of data.Her research showed that, prestige was the most important factor that influences career choice of students in Ho Township considering prestige, personal interest, and parental influence. And they also need financial support for training towards their chosen careers. Most of them shared the view that they need an expert to counsel them on how to choose, train, enter and be established in a career. Majority of the coordinators were not train, and guidance activities were below average and students were not willing to approach the coordinators. Her areas of assessment are covered in the current study. Though, the researcher l ooked at factors that influence choice like others, it mainly focused on identifying career guidance needs of junior secondary two pupils.The sampling procedure, research design and instrument used were similar to the present study. Annan (2006) examined factors affecting career choice among senior secondary school students in Shama Ahanta East Metropolis and used descriptive survey design. He used simple random sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and also used descriptive statistics in analysis of data. This study revealed that personality was most influential factor that influenced career choice among senior secondary students in Ahanta East Metropolis and significant others as the least factor taking into consideration (ability, personality, material benefit, home background, gender factors, and significant others).Adolescents have difficulties in how to choose a career and there was adolescent male gender biased in career choice as compared to female counterparts. It was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Adjin (2004), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method, and target group. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work. Edwards and Quinter (2011) researched on Factors Influencing Students Career Choices among Secondary School students in Kisumu Municipality, Kenya. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing career choice among form four secondary school students in Kisumu municipality, Kenya. The study was conducted using descriptive survey design with a population of 332 students.The data for this study was collected using questionnaire and interview schedules. The findings of this study indicate that availability of advancement opportunities and learning experiences are the most influential factors affecting career choices among students. While males reported learning experiences and career flexibility as the most influential factors, females however reported availability of advancement opportunity and opportunity to apply skills as the most influential factors. However, no variance was reported for persons influencing career choice by gender. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work.Despite the fact that much has been written about the individual variables influencing career choice, the literature review however, revealed that very little empirical studies on this subject liaison exist oddly regarding the factors influencing career choice among senior high students in the South Tongu District of the Volta Region, Ghana and the differences that exist among these factors. This study will, therefore, serve to fill up the missing gap in this aspect of the literature. 2. 3 Career Decision Making Decision making can defined as an act of choice by which an executive selects one particular course of action from among possible alternatives for the attainment of a desired end or as a solution to a s pecific problem (Attieku, Dorkey, Marfo-Yiadom & Tekyi, 2006). It involves conscious or unconscious attempt at making a choice out of competing alternatives. It implies selecting from alternative policies, procedures, and programmes.Career decision making is vital as the country is faced with the problem of unemployment which is the result of poverty and other social vices in the country. The previous Government introduced the Youth Employment Programme to address the situation. It aimed at facilitating job creation and placement of youth in the various economic ventures as well as social services in all districts throughout the country. The programme consists of ten modules out of the JHS/SHS graduates qualify to undertake 1. Youth in Agri-Business 2. Community Protection System 3. Waste and Sanitation precaution Corps 4. Auxiliary Health Care Workers Assistants (Micah, 2007). However was this able to eradicate the problem of unemployment? For the hild to make a better decision ab out choice of career he must be helped in the areas below Self awareness Educational awareness Career awareness Career exploration, and Career planning and decision making (Gibson & Mitchell, 1995). Self awareness Each child must be aware of and respect his/her unequaledness at an early age as human beings. Knowledge about ones aptitude, interests, values, personality traits, abilities and others is very essential in the development of concepts related to self and the use of these concepts in career exploration (value clarification, group guidance films and video tapes written assignments and standardized test).Puplampu (1998) posit that for one to make good choices, he needs career guidance or career counselling, needs to be aware of him/her self, and to have knowledge of occupations and options available. Educational awareness It is very essential in career planning for one to be aware of the relationship between self, educational opportunities and the innovation of work (g roup guidance, games related to hobbies and recreation, guided activities). Career awareness Students at all levels of education should be assisted to have a uninterrupted expansion of knowledge and awareness about the world of work. At each level students should be assisted to develop recognition of the relationships between values, life styles and careers (through films, career days, interest inventory).They are to be aware of relationships between desirable school habit responsibility, punctuality, efforts, positive human relationships and good worker traits. Career exploration This represents a well designed, planned inquiry and analysis of career that are of interest. Comparisons, reality testing, and standardised testing, and computerised programmes may be useful. Career planning and decision making Students at this level are to be helped to take control of their life and become an active agent for shaping their own future. They need to narrow down their career possibility an d then move on to examine and test these options as critically as possible.Students need to be aware of the process of decision making and choosing between competitive alternatives, examining the consequences of specific choices, the value of compromise, and implementing a decision. Students are to recognise the impact of their current plan and decision making on their future. Knowledge about the above helps students to make informed decision and enable then to cope with career development tasks posed by the society during their school period. Students at this level are influenced by what they see around them- family, friends, neighbours, televisions or in movies. That is why experts suggest that students need to be aware of themselves, and the world around them in ordinate to fully understand and make use of information about their individual interests and what exist beyond their immediate world.It is helping them to explore their likes and dislikes, expand their understanding of the world at large, and enhance their knowledge of how business works. The whole aim is to provide students with the broadest opportunity to learn and grow. In addition to the above, the following theories will also help the individual to be weaponed with personality factors, environmental factors and other factors that influences choice of career. 1. Trait-and-factor Theory 2. John Holland Career Choice Typology 3. Anne Roe Personality/Need Theory 4. The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman Theory 5. Donald Supers Developmental/self-concept Theory 6. Four- Humors Theory 7. Social-Cognitive Theory 2. 3. 1 Trait and Factor/Actuarial Theory of Career DevelopmentIt is also called unified or actuarial approach. It is referred to as the oldest theoretical approach to career development and Parsons as the originator (Kankam & Onivehu, 2000). It is based on the measurement of individual characteristics denoted as traits and factors. Traits refer to characteristics typical of the indivi dual over time, relatively stable, consistent in situations and provide a basis for measuring, describing and predicting behaviour. Factor refers to a construct which represents a group of traits that jibe with each other. Williamson (1939, 1949) cited in Zunker (1990) was one of the prominent advocate of trait-and-factor counselling.Utilization of Williamsons counselling procedures maintained the early impetus of trait-and-factor approach evolving from the works of Parsons. Even when integrated into other theories of career guidance, the trait-and factor approach plays a very important role. Some of the basic assumptions that underlie the trait-and-factor theory are 1) Every person has a unparalleled pattern of traits made up of interests, values, abilities and personality characteristics, these traits can be objectively identified and profiled to represent an individuals potential 2) Every occupation is made up of factors required for the successful performance of that occupatio n.These factors can be objectively identified and represented as an occupational profile 3) It is possible to identify a fit or match between individual traits and job factors using a straight forward problem-solving/decision making process. 4) The closer the match between personal traits and job factors the greater the likelihood for successful job performance and satisfaction. Some assumptions of this theory by Miller, and Klein and Wiener are below Miller a) Vocational development is a cognitive process b) Occupation is a single event choice is greatly stressed over development c) There is a single right occupation for everyone there is no recognition that a worker might fit well into a number of occupations. ) Single person works in each job one person- one job relationship e) Everyone has an occupational choice (http//faculty. tamu. commerce. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) Klein & Wiener a) Each individual has a unique set of traits that can be measured reliably and validly. b ) Occupation require that workers possess certain traits for success c) Choice of occupation is straight forward process and matching is possible d) The closer the match between personal characteristics and job requirements, the greater the likelihood for success-productivity and satisfaction (http//faculty. tamu. commerce. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) It called for clear understanding of oneself.Knowledge of job requirements, conditions of success, and true cerebrate in relation to these two groups of facts. This theory is used by many career practitioners in one form or another. Many of the aptitude, personality and interest tests and information materials that emerged from this approach have involved and remain in use up to now e. g. General Aptitude Test Battery, occupational profiles and ever expanding computer-based career guidance programmes. Trait-and- factor theory is criticised as not able to produce a perfect match between people and jobs (Walsh, 1990) and became incr easingly unpopular in the 1970s, describe as going into incipient decline (Crites, 1981).In essence, the trait-and-factor approach is far too narrow in scope to be considered as a major theory of career development. However, we should recognize that standardized assessment and occupational analysis procedures stressed in trait-and-factor approaches are useful in career counselling (Zunker, 1990). In addition to the above, trait-and-factor theory focuses on personality factors without considering the influence of environmental factor like availability of jobs to match the individuals trait and interpersonal factors in career choice. And can not provide enough bases for the current studies. 2. 3. 2 John Hollands Vocational PersonalityJohn Hollands theory shows that there is a match between an individuals career choice and his or her personality and numerous variables that form their background (Zunker, 1990). harmonize to this theorist, once individuals find a career that fits their p ersonality, they are more likely to enjoy that particular career and to stay in a job for a longer period of time than individuals whose work do not suit their personality. He groups individuals into six basic personality types. Hollands theory rests on four assumptions 1. In our culture, persons can be categorized as one of the following true to life(predicate), Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. 2.There are six modal environments realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional. 3. People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. 4. demeanor is determined by an interaction between personality and environment (Bedu-Addo, 2000). concord to Holland, realistic personality types are practical, stable, self-controlled, independent and down to earth. They enjoy working with their hands, especially in projects which a llow one to be physically active, they may be a doer. These individuals are physically strong and have very little social know-how.They are oriented towards practical careers such as labour, farmer, truck driver, mechanic, construction work, engineer or surveyor, landscape architect, aircraft mechanic, dental technician, electrician, athletic trainer, carpenter, licensed practical nurse, archaeologist, hairdresser, physical therapist, dressmaker, fire fighter, caterer, plumber, x-ray technician, etc. According to him, the investigative personality types are conceptually and theoretically oriented. Investigators are observant and curious about things around them. typically they are inquisitive and intellectually self-confident as well as quite logical. They delight in situations that call for creative or analytical approach. They are thinkers rather than doers. They enjoy working on their own. They are best suited for careers that offer clearly defined procedures, research and the ch ance to explore a encompassing range of ideas are the best choices for investigating people, e. g. ractical nursing, medical lab assistant, pharmacist, ecologist, math teacher, medical technologist, research analyst, surgeon, dietician, physician, police detective, veterinarian, meteorologist, horticulturist, dentist, computer analyst, science teacher, technical writer, science lab technician, computer system analyst, military analyst, college professor, lawyer, consumer researcher, astronomer, computer security specialist, horticulture, emergency medical technology, respiratory therapy, surgical technology, dental assistant, water and waste technology, computer languages, computer sciences, economics, biochemistry, geology. According to Holland, artistic personality types are original, innovative, imaginative, and creative. They prefer situations that are relatively nstructured and interact with their world through artistic expression, avoiding conventional and interpersonal situa tions in many instances. They do well as painters, writers, or musicians, artist, English teacher, drama coach, music teacher, graphic designer, advertising manager, fashion illustrator, interior decorator, photographer, journalist, reporter, cosmetologist, librarian, museum curator, cartographer, dance instructor, entertainer, performer, architect, etc. According to theorist, social personality types are understandable, friendly and people oriented. These individuals often have good verbal skills and interpersonal relations. They are helpers and enjoy jobs that let them interact with people.They are well equipped to enter professions such as teacher, social worker, counsellor, youth services worker, recreation director, physical therapist, occupational therapist, extension agent, therapist, teacher, personnel director, funeral director, minister, chamber of commerce executive, athletic coach, claims adjuster, war cry officer, attorney, sales representative, fitness instructor, cos metologist, paramedic, mental health specialist, social worker, nurse, dietician, information clerk, child care worker, travel agent, airline personnel, receptionist, waiter/waitress, office worker, home health aide, career counsellor, etc. According to him, enterprising personality types are gregarious, dominant and adventurous. They are generally extroverted and will often initiate projects involving many people and are good at convincing people to do things their way. They have strong interpersonal skills and enjoy work that brings them into contact with people.They are best counselled to enter career such as real estate appraiser, florist, lawyer, TV/radio announcer, branch manager, lobbyist, insurance manager, personnel recruiter, office manager, travel agent, advertising agent, advertising executive, politician, business manager. According to Holland, conventional personality type refers to those individuals who show a dislike for unstructured activities. They enjoy collecting and organizing information in effective and practical way. They are often like being part of large companies though not necessarily in leadership positions. They enjoy steady routines and following clearly defined procedures.They are best suited for jobs as subordinates, banker, file clerks, accountant, Business teacher, bookkeeper, actuary, librarian, proof reader, administrative assistant, credit manager, estimator, cad operator, reservations agent, bank manager, cartographer cost analyst, court reporter, medical secretary, tender statistician, financial analyst, safety inspector, tax consultant, insurance underwriter , computer operator, medical lab technologist, cashier, hotel clerk, etc. It has been employed as popular assessment tools such as the Self-Directed Search, Vocational Preference Inventory and Strong Interest Inventory. Dictionary of Holland occupational Code came as a result of Hollands work. John Holland created a hexagonal model that shows the relationship betwee n the personality types and environments. pic Figure 2. 1 Holland Hexagonal Model It could be noticed that the personality types close to each other are more alike than those farther away.We can see this most clearly when we compare the personalities opposite each other, on the hexagon. For example, read the description of the types for Realistic and Social. You will see that they are virtually the opposite of each other. On the other hand, Social and Artistic are not that far apart. Holland topology is based on the following key concepts Congruence it refers to the degree of fit between an individuals personality orientations and actual or contemplated work environment. One is believed to be more satisfied with his career and can perform better if he is in a congruent work environment. Consistency it refers to the degree of relationship between types or the various classifications.Types that are adjacent on the hexagon have more in common than types that are opposite. For instance, the conventional type might be more realistic and enterprising than be artistic. Differentiation it is the establishment of differences or a difference among two or more things. It refers to the degree to which a person or his environment is clearly defined. Vocational identity extent to which a person has a clear self perception of his or her characteristics and goals, and to the degree of stability which an occupational environment provides.Hollands theory is criticised as basically descriptive with focus on explanation of casual basis of time period in development of hierarchies of the personal model styles. He was concerned with factors that influence career choice rather than development process that leads to career choice (Zunker, 1990). This theory focus mainly on how a personality can be matched with a career rather than how other factors like environmental and/or interpersonal factors influence the individuals choice. It is therefore limited as far as the current researc h is concerned. 2. 3. 3 Anne Roes Personality/Need Theory Akinade, Sokan and Oserenren (1996) posit that this theory see ones need as the main determinant of the nature of an individuals interests including vocational interest.This theorist was of the view that career choice is based on childhood orientation or experience at home to satisfy needs and that people choose occupation that satisfies important needs. This theory attempts to understand, make meaning of, and utilize individual motives, purposes and drives to support career development. She believed work can satisfy needs in different ways hence classification of occupation into eight groups. According to Roe (1956) cited in Zunker (1990), the first five can be classified as person-oriented and the last three as non-person oriented. 1. Service (something for another person) 2. Business contact (selling and supplying services) 3. Organisation (management in business, industry and government) 4.Technology (product maintenance, transportation of commodities ) 5. Outdoors (cultivating, preserving natural resources) 6. Science (scientific theory and its application) 7. General culture (preserving and transmitting cultural heritage) & 8. Arts and Entertainment (creative art and entertainment) Anne Roes theory was based on Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs stated in this order 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Need for belongingness and love 4. Need for importance, respect, self-esteem and independence 5. Need for information 6. Need for understanding 7. Need for beauty and aesthetic 8. Need for self-actualization

Opportunities for Company Essay

Opportunities for ships company Q to lead in the atomic number 18a of social responsibleness party Qs attitude towards social responsibility appears to be nonexistent, possibly through ignorance or disconcert. Either way the lack of social responsibility affects their strain and communitys perception of their business. It appears that the company management has never mystifyed and ethics program that clearly defines the corporate culture including provisions for social responsibility. Profits, or at least a lack of losses appears to be a primary motivating factor for company Qs managements decisions. Company Q has been attempting to cut losses by closing stores that were losing money instead of finding innovative ways to increase revenues and profitability for the stores. Based on the known information, Company Q still has ample opportunity to build a socially responsible reputation indoors the community it serves and at the same time create net profit for its sh argonholders .Simple and cost-effective changes could be implemented in a relatively short amount of time and the benefits to the community, employees and the company itself could be realized within a reasonable amount of time. There argon at least three ways that Company Q potbelly make a positive affect within the community that it serves while increasing revenues and profitability for shareholders. First area of improvement Take those previous customer requests for health conscience and organic products and turn them into macrocosm within their stores. For many years, Company Qs customers have been requesting health conscience and organic products sold at Company Qs stores. The companys efforts to depict this for its customers have been weak at best. The companys management has the ethical duty to be positively reactive to its customers requests, so long as those requests are not illegal, immoral, irresponsible or unethical.Since requests are for products that benefit the health of custome rs, company Q needs to act to deliver those requested products in a manner that is reproducible with its goals of profitability. In this case, the company has the ability to show social responsibility in bringing healthier products into its stores and have the added benefit that these items are high- brim, delivering profit opportunities to company shareholders. Because the items are high-margin, the costs of purchasing a reasonable supply and variety of items is relatively low as compared to lower margin items that are mostlikely soon stocked in each store. The company even has an opportunity to reduce costs in the stores purchases by eliminating similar products that are lower in margin to the ones that they will be bringing in based on customer requests. Promotion of the social responsibility plan is important. With no special cost in advertising, company Q preempt promote these new healthy products in its advertising.Doing so can bring back some of their lost business as p uff up as bring in new customers to the stores. This situation is a win not only for Company Q that is also a win for customers and employees. The additional profits from higher-margin items will assist the company in creating pay that are appropriate for each position and opportunities for advancement in pay and position for its employees. This can help create an atmosphere that retains employees and reduces turnover, consequently, reducing the costs of obtaining and training new employees on a regular basis. Second area of improvement Donations to local fare banks, shelters and other charities Company Q experiences a direct loss of not only the potential profit from but the actual cost of day-old items that are propel away. In doing so, the company experiences these costs with no benefit to the company.This method of handling the old items not only costs the company dollars in loss but also does not allow the company to reap the benefits of a socially responsible positive imag e to its customers and employees. Company Qs management has taken the attack that by donating the day-old items it leaves the possibility for employees to steal from the company. A thorough plan of documentation for the donation process will help in ensuring that the donations go where they are intended and minimize risk of employee theft. One part of this plan would be to have the intellectual nourishment bank pick up the donated items on a quotidian or weekly basis. As part of the donation process the food bank employee and the store employee would sign an inventory of the items picked up. This inventory tracking could be employ by the stores as proof for prospective measure deductible donation on federal and/or state taxes. Any legal reductions in tax liability, improves profitability for the company.Company Q can benefit with a more socially responsible image to its customers and employees each time the food bank truck pulls up to the store and is being loaded with donated food. Food banks are not the only opportunity to show company philanthropy to the community. Making donations and collecting donations from the community forhomeless person shelters and other worthy charitable organizations is yet another avenue to show the community that Company Q is active in social responsibility. Shelters and other charitable organizations are in need of items that the stores may not be able to sell to their customers for donation, but when customers and employees bring in donated items such as clothing, personal appliances and possibly furniture, these items could be collected at or near the store and be picked up by these charitable organizations. This gives the store an opportunity to receive business from those that are dropping off donations, by going in to the store and purchasing items that they may need for themselves and do it in one simple trip.These type of donation events can be listed in their brisk advertising and give customers another reason to come by the store. Third area of improvement Create opportunities for employees as well as customers to share in the charitable activities that promote social responsibility. As part of its change in being more socially responsible, Company Q could in a flash involve its customers by making donation bins available in stores for customers to purchase items and donate to the food bank. Advertising this in the store is good, but including it in their existing ad campaign could bring in customers that appreciate socially responsible businesses. Not only is this the sale of the items additional revenue for Company Q, but it allows customers to be direct involved in donation, which in turn creates even more goodwill for Company Q.In addition to customer involvement, employees can be directly involved in developing a socially responsible image of the company. Company Q could organize and promote employees assisting at food bank locations. These employees could go in for one day each mont h or each quarter and work within the food bank in one of many areas that the food bank needs physical labor for. Company Q could pay the employees their regular wages and be may able to take tax deductions for the wages paid to employees while assisting the food bank.This approach is another win for all parties involved. The food bank wins with donated labor, the employees win by being paid for the time worked at the food bank and Company Q wins by showing social responsibility in its community and gaining goodwill for itself in the process. In conclusion, Company Q can develop an ethics program and implement a plan for social responsibility that helps those within its community and increase its revenue and profitsin doing so.

Ralph Tyler’s Evaluation Method for Math Curricula

Proper rating of all educational curricula is vital to providing an effective education to students. The resolve of such an evaluation is, in essence, to discover how well educational objectives are being met. An evaluation method must be accurate and valid, however the evaluation must also be accessible to those who need to use it.If an evaluation method is inaccurate or highly complex to utilize, it will either be misused, or not used at all. Math curricula can be especially difficult to match to an evaluation method because of the demands of the subject scientific hardness is a must, and ideally the design of the method would be crafted by someone who has a true pictureing of mathematics in education. The evaluation method knowing by Ralph Tyler is ideal for use by an educator for evaluating math curricula.Ralph Tyler was a student at the University of Chicago, and he studied under the famous Charles Judd. Tyler obtained his Ph.D. in 1927 he specialized in mathematics in sch ool, which gives his work a particularly effective edge when utilise to math curricula. Ten years after his graduation, he was appointed Director of Research for the Evaluation Staff on the well-known Eight Year Study. Tyler believed that scientific study was the key to successful education in every subject, and this was used as the basis for his research. Successful learning and teaching techniques were sought in the study, and from that research Tylers evaluation method was formed. Eventually Tyler would understand that all learning objectives should be determined by observing and actively evaluating student behavior within the class. (Pinar et al, 1995)The Objectives-Oriented Approach was popularized, if not entirely fathered, by Tyler. Tylers approach follows seven distinct steps(1) establish broad goals or objectives,(2) classify the goals or objectives,(3) define objectives in behavioral terms,(4) find situations in which doing of objective can be shown,(5) develop or select measurement techniques,(7) compare performance data with behaviorally stated objectives. (Worthen & Sanders in ITGRN)These simple steps prevail this method ideal for evaluation of math curriculum for several reasons. First, it is scientifically sound, following steps like the scientific method. The method is simple it does not contract in depth research or detailed critical thinking that would take a lot of time out of the evaluators ill-tempered schedule.The steps are ideal for clarification of ideas, and it helps the teacher specifically ask the right questions of him- or herself as well as of the students. It also stresses empirical methods for evaluating goals and objectives. The shortcomings of this evaluation method are also minimal, including that neglects the context in which the evaluation takes place, and that it neglects the value of the objectives themselves. These are shortcomings which, unlike those of other evaluation methods, are easily overcome when applied to t he curriculum by an intelligent person.

Decreasing Population of Bachelor of Secondary Education Essay

INTRODUCTIONAny wiz who chooses a doctrine c atomic number 18er in the Philippines must(prenominal) hold a microscope stage in instructor teaching method. teachers in public and private elementary schools must have at least(prenominal) a bachelors degree in elementary cultivation. High school instructors atomic number 18 judge to have a bachelors degree in puntary study with specialization (a study and a minor) in high school subjects. Both degrees are awarded upon successful completion of approved teacher facts of life courses in actualized institutions. Teaching in colleges or professional degree programmes at the 3rd level requires at least a masters degree in a crabby area of specialization. But obviously, nation of live of utility(prenominal) command students were decreasing ultimately.Be contract of these, quality of statement in the Philippines leave exchangeablely face a crisis if the current trends in decreasing college enrolment and increasing drop unwraps specially Bachelor of Secondary grooming and Bachelor of Elementary Education leave continue. There are some(prenominal) particularors to consider why the population of Education students diminished. Due to continuing tuition hikes, many college students decided to capture vocational courses. Recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) National Commission of the Philippines describe that approximately 22 percent overall student survivals from low gear to fourth Year College. And undeniably, teacher is a very trying profession.Teacher engaged in actual classroom teaching that render non to a greater extent than eight hours of actual classroom teaching a day, preparation and correction of exercises and other work incidental to his/her habitual teaching duties. Secondary teachers shall be assigned to no more than six daily forty-minute periods of instruction. For college, the normal teaching load of a full-time instructor shall be eighteen hours a week. The teaching load of parttime instructors who are full-time employees outside of teaching shall not exceed twelve hours per week. However, the average teachers salary at present is inadequate as source of livelihood. Teaching is a noble profession companied by the fact that they have a lot of pressure responsibilities to mould hoi polloi in the connection they belong.RELATED litTeaching is a profession whose rewards have the potential to be great, yet its challenges have the potential to be frustrating at the same time. Teachers have the opportunity to positively impact their students lives. Helping young mess pass off their potential is extremely rewarding. However, some students are difficult to connect with, or have problems that intermeddle with their behavior and achieveance in the classroom.Aside from that, they likewise encounter difficulties in their work schedule, most teachers cause at school early, stay late or bring work home. Pla nning, grading, meetings, conferences and professional development must be accomplished in appendage to the daily teaching of lessons. They are also a natural 10-month employee and are off when school is closed for holidays and vacations. However, teachers may have to get summer clienteles to supplement their salaries (Sally Miller, 2005). in all higher education institutions in all countries have experienced tension between the demand to be specifically applic open to local necessitys and the desire to maintain ideas and values of universal reference (Hargreaves, 1973). basically in Bachelor of Secondary Education or in any other teaching/education courses. The management structure of primary teaching education is inadequately organized to sentinel teacher education institute in accordance with the field of study development strategy. Rigidity and inefficiency in the schooling process dissolver from the absence of effective, central and complete planning(Dunkley, 1981).Beca use of this, teachers wanna be decreasing extremely. According to Dr. Rupert Maclean(1988), there are some important implications for the development of the remains of teacher education in the region such as (1) need to recognize that the pursuit of learning is a lifelong process, (2)an examination of the extent to which educational institutions should be autonomous, and the consideration of the social and economic cost and benefits involved when greater autonomy occurs, (3)the reform and expansion of teacher education as a vital step towards the rejuvenation of public education. On the other hand, A Unesco Publication, The Changing Role of the Teacher, states There was a time when the teachers roles was to pass down to the jr. generation the knowledge, experiences and mythology of a slow evolving society The pace of change in contemporary society has make his role redundant. The role of teacher must be, among other things, a change agent.It does not matter whether one is addressi ng the situation in a developing country or an industrialized nation, the problem remains the same. What are the new dimensions of his/her role, and how is the teacher to be trained to fulfil that role. In examining the changing role of the teacher we need to see the changes as creation a response to, and an attempt to confront the pressure of a society undergoing constant transition (Goble and Porter, 1977). For this statement, we rump say that teachers play an important role in changing the education in the society.For example, in Malaysia, education is envisioned to serve two important functions (1)a means to achieve national unity and (2) a vehicle for national development. Since 1964, side of meat was slowly replace by Bahasa Malaysia, the argument being that a nation system of education using a common medium of instruction, in addition to a common syllabus , will pop the question a strong base for promoting national unity. Unfortunately, the insurance has created inter-eth nic tension, in view of the fact that in Malaysia about 53% are Chinese and about 11% are Indian origin(S. Husin Ali, Chang Yii Tan, Tan Boon Kean, 1987).Teacher is responsible in almost every hire out in the society especially when we are talking about the futurity of every student they grapple in primary, secondary and ordinal level. Focusing in higher education, according to Trow(1938132) higher education itself a stratified system of institution, graded formally or informally in status and prestige, in wealth, advocate and influence of various kind.Moreover, teacher in the Philippines had its beginning as early as Spanish period. Teacher education programs have always been dictated by the urgent needs of the time, Before 1950, there were unless a few state colleges offering a teacher education program. However, when the Department of Education reported the gravity of the problem of undersupply of professionally qualified teachers, enrolment in teacher education registered slowly upward.To further more schools to offer teacher education courses, requirements for opening normal schools and college were relaxed(Carson, 1978). Furthermore, most countries in the region of Asia recognize the crucial importance of pre-service education for teachers. For instance, the 1986 National Policy on Education states that no hatful can rise above the level of its teachers (de la Cruz, Leandro, 1988).Lastly, most important evidence of quality in an education system is to be found in the quality of the pupils/students produced. The problem, however, is to arrive at satisfactory indicators which will demonstrate that better quality education has been achieve (Adams, 1988).Accordingly, oft discussion in quality and standards will show in this research. And also this study will attempt to show what was really the factors we can consider in the change in population of education students. For future studies, it will be necessary to analyze divers(prenominal) informat ion that related in the given topic. This research will have the great contribution in people awareness especially students on what are the trends in higher education.METHODOLOGYIn tack together to gain information, the researcher conducted an interview with the highschool teacher including Mrs. Carol Isidro ( Philippine II), Mrs. Crisamie Mendieta(Physics), Mrs. Laudato (Filipino II), Mrs. Musa (English I) and university instructors namely Ms. Michelle Zuniga (ITEC), Ms. Rona Feranil (Math), Ms. Jeneth Menil (P.E. and English), Mrs. Cherry travel S. Uminga (Biology), Mrs. Grace Balingit ( Campus Asst. Librarian). It was made on March 3-5, 2010 at the Carmona National Highschool and Cavite secern University- Carmona Campus.The researchers were adapted to perform an interview through the use of interview sheet/form/guide which the data currently record. They also utilize a pen to write every single information that the interviewee provide.During the pre-interview stage, the res earchers put all the workable wonders in a sheet of paper and improve it through the use of Microsoft word 2003. They also used Xerox machine to multiply the number of interview form/ guide. At the interview proper, the researchers used English language as the mode of communication. They apply formal way of gathering the point of views of the take aim population.And at the post interview stage, the researcher combined all ideas that the sample population had provide. any(prenominal) of the information they were able to gather play an important role in interpreting the different ideas in understanding the cause of the issue of decreasing population of Bachelor of Secondary Education.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn pre-Spanish times, education was informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods. Children were provided more vocational training and less academics by their parents and in the houses of tribal tutors. Major changes in education system happened during the Spanish colonization. The tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries. Education was religion-oriented. It was for the elite, especially in the early yrs of Spanish colonization. But education during that period was inadequate, suppressed, and controlled.According to a new report of Commission on higher(prenominal) Education (CHED), that the number of tertiary population in schoolyear 2002-2003 was 1.87 million compared to 2.4 million in 1994-1995. It cites however that everyday population of college students in the universities without classifying the program they belong was decrease incredibly.Even though there have not been any formal studies and analysis about this subject, there are some(prenominal) people and organization that will contribute in the explanation of the issue. According to Raymond Palatino, vice president of Anak ng Bayan (nations youth), college students who can no longer afford to study a four year course are planning to stir up in other program usually vocational j ust to achieve their dream of earning a college diploma.In the lowering economic status of the Philippines, teachers play an important role in molding a future to a better one. Bachelor of Secondary Education program and many other teaching-related program students will likely face a doubt in pursuing their profession. They are more responsible in all aspects of an economy rather than any other job. Thus, they have great mission in everyones life.The purpose of this research is to provide consciousness towards the current issue of diminishing number of college students specifically Bachelor of Secondary Education students. Knowledge about this topic would make people aware in possibilities and indicates in arrears education status of a country.Concerning the standard of education in the Philippines, in June 2009 the president of the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines (FAAP) cited the congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) notice a continuing decline in t he quality of education in this country. He said this was due to four main factors a) mismanagement of the educational system, b) not invest wisely in education, c) lack of management competencies, d) systemic corruption.Another reason why the Philippines is not a major supplier of tertiary education for overseas students in the region is because some instructors and professors in SUCs (state universities and colleges) be deficient in several abilities in professional teaching. These mandated subjects include the life and works of Filipino national hero Dr Jose Rizal, three subjects of Filipino language, and basic mathematics, science, and Filipino cultural subjects more appropriate for fourth-year high school than for tertiary level.Also in order for the researcher to have primary information about the certain matter, they conducted an interview and look some documents that will testify the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education students in Cavite State University and Carm ona National Highschool located at the community of Carmona, Cavite.The basic purpose of the interview was to gather different opinions and personal point of views of the people which generally related to the issue and the contract of the documents was to show relation of different information. The mode of communication during the interview proper is in English language in order to show formality and may give highly appropriate information. The prepared question in the interview guide/form was comm exclusively as regards to the behavior, characteristics and ability of the sample population.From the school documents of Cavite State University, the researcher was able to secern the number of Bachelor of Secondary Education during first and second semester since 2002 at given university. As a follow up to this information, the Graph 1 shows the overall population of the enrollees of bovine spongiform encephalitis program.Figure 1 Graph of enrolled students in BSE program at CvSU Carm ona Campus, (Mrs. Mojica, Campus Registrar)As can be seen by the graph, the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education was inconsistent. At school year 2002-2003, during first semester of given year, the recorded population was 22 enrollees. At the latter part or in second semester, the population increased by 26.The population through that year (2002-2003) was said to be slightly increased. At first semester of 2003-2004, the enrollees were 84, and at the second semester in decreased by 76. At the first semester of 2004-2005, the documented enrollees increased by 119, and at the second semester, the enrollees extremely increased by 124. The inconsistency of the population appears at the middle of the year between 2002 to 2007.During the first semester, the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education at year 2005-2006 was 132 and at the second semester it declines to 121. At reach of 2006, the population on that particular campus noticeably decreases. The year 2006-2007, first semester, the enrollees was 110, it decrease to 104.And at the following year (2007-2008), the BSE students was consisted of 86 (first semester) and 93(second semester). At 2008-2009, the BSE program students got their smallest population at only 71 during first semester and 66 at second semester. Fortunately, it survives and reaches 84 enrollees at first semester of the year 2009-2010 and at second semester it decreased to 71.The population in that particular campus was the number of Bachelor of Secondary Education students in all year levels. The researchers also gather information from the teachers of Carmona National Highschool and instructors of Cavite State University-Carmona Campus through interview. From 5 sample population that the researchers were able to interview, such solutions only shows that people are aware in the tertiary level issue especially in teaching program.The first question at the interview guide was the reasons why did they choose Education program as the ir profession. From 5 interviewees 2 of them resultant roleed that thats their parents woof. Also 2 of them proclaimed as their animosity at the remaining one said that its their childhood dream.The result of first question shows that variation in reasons on choosing their program occurs. There are several aspects in choosing a program. It may be the behavior of a students or the behavior of the people around them.Another question although too broad to discuss what are the factors to consider in choosing a program? According to the observation of teachers/instructors there are too many factors they consider in accounting entry the field of teaching. It can be the (1)parents choice, (2)job demand, (3)stability or security of the future job, (4) location of the school, (5)availability of the school, (6)scholarship offered, (7) line of interest, passion, personal choice or childhood dream (8) affordability or in financial matters, (9)relatives or friends influence.Another question answered by the interviewee, What did you notice in the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education nowadays? tested the attentiveness of the respondents. The result was interesting because majority showed that they see population of BSE students was said to be decreased. Only 1 of them, out of 5 answered that it increased.In order for the researcher to identify point of views of the sample population about the factors that fall the decreasing population of BSE students, they include it in their interview guide. The results of the question give ideas about the aspects which is much related in a given topic. The main factors given by the teacher/instructors were (1) financial, (2) job demand, (3) ineffectual to reach the standard, (4) majorship offered in the universities, (5) stressful, (6) issues or bad images of the teachers nowadays, (7) salary, and (8) chance to go abroad. The result of this question provides an appropriate answer about the certain topic.Although no longer th e main component of this research, most of the target population that researchers able to interview has smaller number of colleagues whom they really insufficiency to be a teacher. According to Ms. Jeneth Menil (Engl and P.E. teacher in CvSU), and Ms. Tita Salamatin (English instructor in CvSU) approximately 10 % of her overall classmates in highschool really wants to be a teacher. And base on the observation Ms. Michelle Zuniga (ITEC teacher in CvSU) there are only 5 % wishes to be a teacher. Mrs Crisamie Mendieta (Physics teacher in CNHS) proclaimed that 2 out of 40 of her secondary classmates has a passion of teaching.While Mrs. Musa (English teacher in CNHS) notified that there are about 20 % of her highschool colleagues would like to be an educator. Fortunately, according to them, most of their highschool classmates including the teachers/instructors they interviewed whom wants to be a teacher pursued what they really want to be. Luckily, after several years of studying in tea hing profession most of them succeed to be a teacher. But during their stage of studying in college, their college colleagues their population inside the campus as the Bachelor of Secondary Education students, their population said to be diminished as they reach their senior year.They give possible reason on why this condition occurs. The target interviewee told so that money is one of the greatest possible reasons for that. Some of their classmates choose the more convenient, time-saving courses such as vocational courses. Another reason was some of their colleagues realized that it is not their line of interest or their passion. According to Mrs. Mendieta others would like to take medicine/nursing for they think that it is in demand abroad.Lastly, the researcher confirmed that the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education decline after several years of establishing a teaching related field. They also give an idea about several factors on why this circumstance triggers.CONCLUSI ONThe researchers prove that the population of students taking up of Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) is decreasing due to the different reasons. The researchers also conclude that there are several factors that really mint on students in order for them not to choose teaching programs. Those factors include (1) financial, (2) job demand, (3) unable to reach the standard, (4) majorship offered in the universities, (5) stressful, (6) issues or bad images of the teachers nowadays, (7) salary, and (8) chance to go abroad.Each factor was perceived by the target population which consists of highschool teachers and university instructors. This research show that aside from giving readers an idea about the condition in terms of population of the tertiary level students specifically Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) program, it also provide awareness about the factors that affect in this phenomenon.Although not really a main part of the research, the researchers becalm provide inf ormation about the vast majority of teachers interviewed indicate that they are satisfied with their jobs, but there are problems. While teachers salaries have improved, many teachers believe that their pay is still inadequate. Local conditions have a major impact on teacher satisfaction. On the teachers wish list for job improvement are lighter workloads, more parental support, fewer discipline problems, and greater administration support.Students at tertiary level have a freedom to choose what program they were able take, but researchers tries to identify the major causes, effects, and explanation in the current trends in the society. They also supply needed information and data in order to understand what really the topic is. Recommendations, suggestions, clarifications and point of views by different kind of people combined in only one research paper and organize it according to purpose.This research aims to kick upstairs the Bachelor of Secondary Education program and it also intends to increase the number of enrollees to certain program.