Monday, September 30, 2019

Task 601.5.7-02, 03, 5.10.07

Task _601. 5. 7-02,_03,_5. 10. 07 Part C There are many different ways to give a child or group of children positive reinforcement. Though, individual and group positive reinforcement needs to be done in different ways ,there are 4 ways in which you may give positive reinforcement. There are natural positive reinforcers, such as being a team captain, free time, or sitting next to a friend. The second one is edible reinforcers, such as candy, or a pizza party. The fourth is social reinforcement, which is giving positive comments and attention.All four methods are good to use on both individual and group positive reinforcement, but the same reinforcement isn’t as effective on both. For individual positive reinforcement, when a student is following classroom rules a student will get a token for great behavior throughout the day. This reinforcement provides the children with a reward for doing good and incentive to continue following the rules. Another great positive reinforcement for individuals is personally acknowledging the child for correct answers, good behavior, etc.A simple smile, positive attention, or letting the parents know how great the student is doing is in most situations better than any physical reward, it boost the child’s self esteem and confidence in themselves. Competition tends to be a good motivator for kids. Another positive reinforcement for groups could be a party. When the entire class, reaches a certain level of attendance, the teacher could give the class a little party. Even though, not all the students where in class as much as others, it shows the student that you can have rewards when you try and how important it is to go to school.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Dworkin and Hart

PART TWO – ESSAY (1) Dworkin’s â€Å"third conception of the law† called Law as Integrity is based in part on the assumption that there is a single author of the law. The community personifies expressing a coherent conception of justice and fairness. According to law as integrity, propositions of law are true if they figure in or follow from the principles of justice, fairness, ad procedural due process that provide the best constructive interpretation of the community’s legal practice. Furthermore, Dworkin would approve and support the judges for creating an opinion and setting a new precedent on this case.Dworkin’s Chain Novel concept fits into this case perfectly by adding new precedent which the lawmakers of the time could not foresee. The lawmakers had not created such a provision dealing with this situation but surely did not intend to protect this defendant just because the language of the law was absent. (2) Hart might criticize the majority opinion because he will believe that the justices have done a dishonor to the law. Regardless if the defendant attained the land through unmoral means, he did not violate any laws at that time.Social rules should not be taken into consideration with the law since there is no precedent dealing with such issue. A law is separate from morality, and does not in itself guarantee that the primary social rules of a given legal system are just or morally right (Adams 43). The majority opinion relied on judges to go beyond their jurisdiction and make moral judgments when there was no such precedent or law set on that matter. The judges, as Hart may claim, did not follow primary and secondary rules in reaching their majority opinion.Hart may support the dissent of Judge Gray by applauding Grays reasoning on the case. In particular, Hart would support Gray when Gray states, â€Å"The question we are dealing with is whether a testamentary disposition can be altered, or a will revoked, after t he testators death, through an appeal to the courts, when the legislature has by its enactments prescribed exactly when and how wills may be made, altered, and revoked, and apparently, as it seems to me, when they have been fully complied with, has no left room for the exercise of an equitable jurisdiction by the courts over such matters. Adams 152). † Hart would support this train of thought by Gray because Gray clearly makes it known to the majority that there are already laws stating how to properly handle wills, and that the courts really have no jurisdiction after a testator has deceased and the will has come into affect. Gray is only following the law and keeping morality separate.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

A company organizational struc...

A company organizational structure is a guidance to all employees by laying out the official reporting relationships representing the workflow of the company and provide clarity on specific human resources management issues, such as managerial authority and to achieve the company goals George, J. (2005). A formal outline of a companys structure makes it easier to add new positions in the company, as well, providing a flexible and ready means for growth, hence, departments can work more efficiently and have more time focusing on productive tasks. The structure refers to both the formal and informal frameworks that shape how the business is operated. However, the management must select the most suitable structure for the organization as it is not a one size fits all decision. Implementation of a formal organizational structure can also differentiate small-business operations from large-business operations. (David, 2018). This report attempts to focus on the different type of structure (functional, divisional and network structures) undertaken for each type of different organization. However, there are also elements such as work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization, decentralization and formalization which contributes to build a positive organization behavior. Functional structure is set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. The functional structure is more technical orientated hence it enhances productivity level in which the organization can identify the expertise in each department. The lower level hierarchy level also gets to play a role in their responsibility, thus employees will have job satisfaction (Kalliath, 2009). Work specialization is the key structure to the organization structure. Today we use the term work specializations or division of labor, which activities in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs. For example, Google company adopted work specialization element, employees are carefully recruited, and they are job match each employee according to their knowledge. However, this hinders the rapid growth of the organization due to their stringent hiring process. The employees are strongly driven by the corporate culture. The organization also creates motivation to the employees by reward system and job enlargement to make sure that the employee is well engaged in the organization (Steven.L.M, 2005). However, the drawbacks to a functional structure is that it could lead to higher dysfunctional conflict and poor communication between departments which can delay the decision making, inflexibility. This type of structure is only suitable for small organization with one product or service as management can oversee the work process efficiently and maximize the employees performance (Julie. D, 2018). Starbucks had rearranged their organisation structure to improve on customer satisfaction (Shultz, 2008). The functional structure of Starbucks company is centralization of various departments or functions within the organization. By adopting functional structure using departmentalization element (geographic) each region has individual reporting managers which receives a closer managerial support for geographic needs and therefore a clear chain of command is apparent. A high degree of flexibility was used in individual department in adjusting strategies and policies to fit into various market conditions. This allows the employees to communicate effectively within the departments (George, 2005). Thus, there is presence of empowerment for the employees to make their own decisions and this gives them a sense of belonging to the organization (Starbucks, 2018). Today, with the new organizational structure, Starbucks had successfully achieved customer satisfaction and reduncies of employees are also eliminated and hence created a tensed working environment during the change of the structure. individual teams are being centralized to create an infrastructure with span of control globally within the region and hence capability and effectiveness are improved. Management can also focus more on the employees and functional activities can be design for each individual employee so the mission and goal of the organization will be shared across the organisation (Shultz, 2008).

Friday, September 27, 2019

Researching a one company and Solving 3 Questions Essay

Researching a one company and Solving 3 Questions - Essay Example McKnight’s management principles were firstly to delegate responsibility and to encourage staff to exercise their initiative and secondly for management to learn to focus on supporting staff who have participated in failed projects move on to something else rather than punishing them (â€Å"McKnight Principles† 5). To reinforce its culture of intrapreneurship 3M has instituted several policies and philosophies. The three that jump out of 3M’s organizational culture are the 15 percent option, tolerance for failure and rewards for success. The 15 percent option give employees authority to 15 percent of their workweek on individual projects of their choice without the need to either disclose or justify it to a manager (Govindarajan and Lang 3). This policy gives 3M staff freedom to be innovative. Tolerance for failure philosophy guarantees employees their jobs and no punishment for a product that fails in the market. On the contrary, 3M has often repeated stories of famous failures that went on to become highly successful products. This policy has the effect of keeping initiative and creativity alive among 3M’s staff. For innovative products that go on to have a breakthrough in the market, 3M acknowledges team member through salary raises, promotions, and recognition. For example the Golden Step award is given to team members if a newly launched product reaches a revenue goal of $2 million in the US or $4 million worldwide (Govindarajan and Lang 3). Better yet the informal recognition given to successful entrepreneurs through stories that convert them from mortals to legends is considered more powerful by 3M staff. The two major benefits that 3M derives from its organizational culture are staff loyalty and product differentiation as the key to commercial success. Staff loyalty is a manifestation of high staff motivation which often leads to increased job performance. Having a highly committed staff 3M’s management find it easy to

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Florida lawmaker pushes bill to end FCAT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Florida lawmaker pushes bill to end FCAT - Essay Example Widespread reports of racial profiling that led to incidents like the one in Cincinnati, where police violently clashed with black protesters for three days, have called the attention of the public and inevitably, many politicians. Cloud et al observes a nationwide scrambling for legislations banning racial profiling as a tool in police operations. The writers anticipate, however, a problem in implementing a sweeping prohibition of racial profiling as was being contemplated by the End Racial Profiling bill, then pending in 2000 in Congress. One possible outcome of such a law is a police force hesitant to do their jobs, such as what happened after the Cincinnati riots where arrests dwindled in numbers despite an opposing direction of crime incidences. Another is the unlikely feasibility of a mechanism that could accurately predict when or how racial profiling is actually being committed. The article is a well-written, subtle piece of writing imbuing as much logic and reason to impress the readers of its objectivity to cushion a position that leans towards the less popular view in this highly charged issue. The general impression that one gets after reading the article is that the writers wanted to impress the American readers of the folly of a sweeping anti-racial profiling law, considering the absence of a mechanism that could exactly measure racial profiling. Thus, the article begins by taking into account the perspectives of police, particularly from one who whines about â€Å"guilt by uniform.† The article also points out that there is no exact definition of what racial profiling is and hence, the consequent difficulty in telling the police to stop employing it, as the wrong itself defies precise and conclusive definition (Cloud et al 2). Still later, it stresses the difficulty in gauging the actual amount of racial profiling being practiced by the police force (Cloud et al 3). Understandably, the writers chose to approach this subject in a very subtl e way, presenting facts and reports as much as possible and letting interviewees mouth relevant data, which nevertheless, support the writers’ point. The article does not make much use of ‘pathos’ - the writers seemingly holding back perhaps out of fear that they would be stirring the hornet’s nest. On the other hand, the writers attempt to resort to the appeal of logic and reason by sprinkling an abundance of interviews, reports and factual accounts of events throughout the article that represented their perspectives rather than enunciating these views themselves. The appeal to logic and reason seems to be employed precisely for the readers to forget the emotional underpinning of the issue, which is not bad except that it makes the writers look like fence-sitters at times with no real position of their own leaving the readers confused as to what their objectives really are. Thus, as the writers allow some police personnel to recount the gloom that pervade s their respective agencies leaving their hands tied with charges of racial profiling looming above their heads like the sword of Damocles, the article followed this up with details of racial profiling incidents such the â€Å"flying while black† incident involving the seizure of $7,000 from a black businessman by the DEA on the ground that it was

Art Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Appreciation - Essay Example Lichtenstein created a wide array of work and much of it has gained positions of prominence among art theorists. While Lichtenstein produced an array of work, perhaps his work that most appeals to me is ‘Stepping Out’ (currently housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art). There are a number of aesthetic reasons I appreciate this work of art. Perhaps the most prominent are because the work combines both cubism and a comic book style. ‘Stepping Out’ implements Lichtenstein’s traditional comic book imagery. In this way the work is recognized as implementing the traditional pop art style (Livingstone, p. 113). The painting, Fig. 1 in the appendix, features two individuals. Seemingly these individuals are a woman and a man, however Lichtenstein uses cubist like forms to obscure easy and clear distinctions. The male figure seems to be identifiable though traditional social conventions of dress; he is wearing a hat, has short-trimmed hair, as well as a suit a nd tie. Conversely, the woman does not take on complete form; instead her face is depicted not in the traditional form of the human head, but as a canvas. She only has one eye, which is slanted vertically. She has long blonde-hair, red lips, and a yellow dress that seems to further situate her with feminine identification. The division between the man and woman is blurred such that they seem to dissolve into each other; this perspective on singularity is further witnessed through Lichtenstein’s slight use of pointillism on the right side and left side of the woman and man’s faces, respectively. These aesthetic factors combine comic book styles with cubist expression to create new expressive potentials. This way I greatly enjoy these complex and hybrid forms of expression. Another great factor that contributes to my appreciation of the work is its position as a seminal work of Pop Art. Indeed, while the painting was created in the late 1970s one recognizes that it emerg es from the 1960’s Pop art aesthetic (Osterwold, p. iv). The work itself is both linked to pervading trends in Pop art – a consideration of style over substance, cartoon-like form – as well as historical art practices – oil on canvas (Tansay, p. 3). Furthermore, it’s noted that Pop art regularly implements images that are removed from their context of origin. Within this specific work both the man as borrowed from the inter-textual elements of Leger’s work, and the woman as clearly and overtly influenced from Picasso’s cubist style demonstrates past images reconditioned into new forms. The comic book form that Lichtenstein implements is also adopted from mass culture, a characteristic element of Pop art (Hapgood, p 21). Additionally, the post-modern notion that displaces the recognition of ‘high’ art as the most privileged art form is reflected directly in Lichtenstein’s ‘Stepping Out’. In these regard s, the work implements this comic book ‘mass culture’ form as a means of legitimate social critique. One recognizes the juxtaposition between Lichtenstein’s aesthetic style with cubist and surrealist perspectives; this juxtaposition of form seems to represent a subsequent inclusion of multiple voices of knowledge and understanding. Ultimately, I appreciate this aesthetic technique in the way that explores complex social concerns with a style that has been traditionally associated with simple entertainment. The theme in this work of art is complex. Aesthetic analysis of Lichtenstein’

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

How to make Good Decisions in Business or something like that Essay

How to make Good Decisions in Business or something like that - Essay Example The need to take action in time is testing the limits of the command-and-control model that has subjugated commercial and military leadership for generations. To maintain a bias for action and stay centered on the appropriate goals both realms are coalescing around and emerging leadership model that rebalances traditional attitudes toward two crucial decision factors: risk and control. (Garvin, 108-116) In the corporate world today, decision makers need to have a higher tolerance for, and comfort level with risk. Multi month task forces are the buggy whips of leadership. Today, failure to decide and act quickly can pre-empt options altogether. However, business decisions are frequently made on input information that are either biased or manipulated. Input bias is defined as the systematic misuse of input information in judgments of outcome quality. While researchers note that the quality of a decision is often "positively related" to the quantity of the inputs used to make that decision, the relationship between input quantity and output quality is not automatic. In many cases, inputs are misused, misrepresented or even negatively related to outcome quality. a) Poor Framing: This involves allowing a decision to be "framed" by the language or context in which it is presented. Often times, in making a decision, the whole system or situation surrounding the problem or opportunity needs to be carefully analyzed. (Andrew, 8) For example an opportunity that arose from a visit to ones village should not necessarily translate to the decision being centered only in that village. It may even be that the decision to provide a service in that village is transferred somewhere else since the success guarantee in higher in another location. b) Recent Effects: Making decisions based on recently seen information. It may also be known as availability bias. A careful analysis of that information may have eventually

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Diversity at NIH Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity at NIH - Research Paper Example It will also seek to establish the results of diversity’s role in the general performance of the company. Diversity is a difference whereby people’s differences can be many and variable. In addition, diversity can refer to people’s commitment to recognize other’s ability and appreciate their unique characteristics within an environment that promotes and celebrates both personal and collective achievements within an organization. Factors determining diversity can from race to culture to religion and even marital status. NIH is the America’s National Institute of Health agency charged with the responsibility of carrying out research related to biomedical and health services. This agency is has two parts. The first one is the NIH Extramural Research Program that takes care of all biomedical research funding outside the agency. The other one is the NIH Intramural Research Program whose responsibility is to carry out internal research for NIH (Alving, 20 09). Many due to its synergistic approach towards biomedical research best know this agency. As elaborated, diversity strategy enables a company define its mission. NIH has a mission who vision is to envision a world where mental illnesses are preventable and curable. This can happen through transformation of understanding and treatment of mentally related illnesses via basic clinical researches that can easily pave way for prevention, cure, and recovery. According to NIH, United States of America has a remarkable diversity that presents the greatest strength that this country has compared to all other nations of the world. At NIH, people believe that workers’ varied backgrounds and experiences act as an extraordinary resource that has potential that can NIH realize only through full talent engagement. In addition, NIH points out that it can also realize benefits of diversity through intelligence and subsequent drive of its members regardless of their ethnicity, race, economi c, or cultural background (Rose & Cohrssen, 2010). Generally, there is need to engage diversity as a strategic measure of realizing NIH’s goals and objectives due to diversity’s ability to generate an integrated working environment aimed at achieving success. To begin with, NIH’s power of diversity as a strategic tool in achieving the company’s mission is highlighted by the solutions it provided for societal problems. Diversity at NIH brought about increased relative proportion of both racial and ethnic minorities in the America’s population. Additionally, analysts project that, by 2020, almost 40 percent of United States’ population will be minorities. Therefore, NIH finds it crucial to recruit people of divergent backgrounds and ethnicities who are necessary for researching on the nervous system since it draws a wide range of expertise that ranges from multiple scientific and academe disciplines. While in the same line of research, diversi ty also provides expertise vital for computation and engineering of collected data as well as molecular, cell, and biological systems expertise that are essential in analysis of social science and clinical medicine. Diversity makes it possible and easier for bringing these experts essential for seeking to understand and ameliorate the main burdens associated with neurological diseases. With reference to NIH

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Case Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case - Coursework Example If the consumer thinks Lysol will prevent H1N1 the more Lysol will be sold. This will help expand the Lysol brand from just a cleaning product into a necessary household item. It would be very easy to persuade the consumer buy Lysol if the idea it will keep H1N1 away. Lysol has been transforming its product for years. One example is creating the spray can. Another is the creating better smells. Instead of the medicinal smell of the fifties, now Lysol smells of flowers and fruits. Wipes and hand sanitizers are the newest thing that needs to be promoted through advertising. This transformation of the product needs to be pointed out. Lysol is not the only disinfectant spray, wipe, or cleaning solution. Other brands like Clorox, Pine-sol, and so forth have brand name recognition also. Lysol has been around for a long time, but so have the others. Lysol can kill germs, but so can the others. The difference is brand recognition. Lysol has been a trusted brand many have grown up with. Instilling the preference of one brand over another can only be achieved through skillful

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Free

Free Will vs Determinism Essay Socrates: â€Å"May it be that there is substantial reason to believe things are what they are because of what they were? † Nathan: â€Å"So, you too would be describing determinism as the way things will be as a result of how things are and work of natural laws? Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that this means there is no human freedom of choice or action that was ours to make in the first place? † Nathan: â€Å"No, I would like to believe humanity has the freedom of choice, since our choices are ours in the first place, although they must have an explanation. Socrates: â€Å"Is it possible that every choice may not have an explanation for why something led to specific effects? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, it is possible, but I would like to think that some situations do not hold explanations. † Socrates: â€Å"Nathan, is there room for acceptance that human choices or situations may be events? † Nathan: â€Å"That would be to say that they are mere objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. † Socrates: â€Å"Possibly, but wouldn’t that mean they would hold an explanatory cause? Nathan: â€Å"If what you’re asking determines whether or not there is an explanation for why something happened that led to a specific effect, then yes. † Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that every choice or event would have an explanatory cause? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I would like to believe that sometimes some choices or events are random leading to free will. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these human choices or events we speak of the same or are they different? † Nathan: â€Å"I would believe them to be different. Choices are instances of free will through periodic randomness as where events are often reflections of these spoken choices. Hence, they are different. Often choices may lead to an event, but events often lead to choices. † Socrates: â€Å"So you would entertain the idea that explanatory cause is not to be free? † Nathan: â€Å"No, to be free is having the ability to act at will; not under compulsion or restraint. Therefore to be free is merely an individual idea. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these two worlds of free will and determinism able to coexist within the same realm? Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I believe it is possible that a person’s free will may lead them to a point of determinism. This being they make a choice and then in turn that choice leads them to a predetermined point in life. It was just their choice in when or how they arrived there. † Socrates: â€Å"Can there be external determinism and internal free will? † Nathan: â€Å"It is possible that we may have a predetermination, however I believe that at the same time, we are capable of making our own decisions and making our own free choices. Even if these choices may lead to a determined place it is still our own decision on how we may arrive there. Summary I would like to state that I believe it is possible for determinism to exist in a world that is decided by free will even if our life is predetermined. However, just because our life has a determined end it does not conclude that the contents of our lives were without free will. Our choices all have an explanatory cause, even if we would like to think that some choices are made at random. This is, however, just another example that we control our own free will.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Study On Use Of Pile Foundation Engineering Essay

Study On Use Of Pile Foundation Engineering Essay Piles and pile foundations have been in use since prehistoric times. Pile is commonly described as a columnar element of a building foundation. Its function is to transfer the load from a superstructure to the hard layer in the soil, or on to the rocks. The objective of this project is to identify piles and its uses in the construction industry, based on its types and suitability. This report is based on the three main types of piles, which are large displacement piles, small displacement piles and replacement piles. Figure 1. Pile Construction This report also contains research materials done by several authors have published various journals on the aforementioned topic, and numerous engineering books on pile, pile engineering, soil types, etc have been referred to assist this report. Many journals were consulted during the inception of this research. Topics like Efficiency of Pile groups installed in cohensionless soil using artificial neural networks, Experimental study on pile-end post-grouting piles for super large bridge pile foundations, etc were consulted. From these journals, it has been concluded an Artificial Intelligence application can be made to predict the efficiency of the pile. Based on the results, a pile cap can be created, or even grouting works can be performed to improve the load bearing of the structure. The commonest function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available, also against uplift forces which cause cracks and other damages on superstructure. A bearing pile is described as a pile which can pass through weak material, whilst its tip get across a narrow distance, which in turn leads to a layer of improved bearing capacity. When piles are installed onto a layer with minimal ability to support, and the bearing capacity is being carried by friction which is acting on the sides of the pile, they are called friction piles. Many times, the load-carrying capacity of piles results from a combination of point resistance and skin friction. The load taken by a single pile can be determined by a static load test. The allowable load is obtained by applying a factor of safety to the failure load. Types of Piles Piles are of various types. These piles are classified based on the scope of construction and soil type. Figure 3. Common Driven Pile Types Concrete Piles Precast concrete piles can be either reinforced concrete piles or prestressed concrete piles. Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as insertion units in bore piles. Dense well-compacted good- quality concrete can withstand fairly hard driving and it is resistant to attack by aggressive substances in the soil, or in seawater or ground water. However, concrete is precast piles is liable to damage (possibly unseen) in hard driving conditions. Weak, honeycombed concrete in cast-in-situ piles is liable to disintegration when aggressive substances are precast in soils or in ground water. Cast In Place Concrete Piles Closed-ended hollow tubular sections of reinforced concrete or steel which are first driven into the ground and then filled with in-situ concrete. Cast-in-place concrete piles with their shell driven with mandrel are typically 50 to 80 ft (15 to 24 m) long and can specifically be designed for a wide range of loads. Typical loads that these piles can carry are 50 to 120 kips (222 to 534 kN) provided the maximum stress in concrete, is not more than 33% of 28-day strength. Figure 4. Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles The main disadvantages are that these piles are difficult to splice after concreting, their thin shells can be damaged during driving, and redriving is not recommended. Not the most economical solution, limited span length and requires formwork support. Generally, stress in steel should not exceed 0.35 x yield strength of steel. Figure 5. Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles The advantages are tht they have low initial cost, and tapered sections can provide higher-bearing resistance in granular stratum. These piles are best suited as medium-load friction piles in granular soils. Absolute minimum depth, no deck joints and aesthetic for small stream crossings. Precast Concrete Piles Manufacturing of pre-cast concrete piles are done within the range of 250mm 450mm. Mostly, the maximum section length can go up to 20m. There are various shapes of pile sections (eg. H-shaped, triangular-shaped, hexagonal-shaped, etc). Figure 6. Precast Reinforced Concrete Pile The construction of pre-cast concrete piles are done either in-situ or factory. Production and construction process widely affects the quality of the pile. A pile shoe should be fixed to the pile, in case the soil deposits contain a lot of boulders. This protects the pile while performing hard driving. For prestressed sections the maximum stresses should not exceed (0.33Æ’c 0.27 pe); where pe = effective prestress stress on the section. The main disadvantages of these piles are that they are difficult to handle without damage unless prestressed. They have a high initial cost, and prestressed piles are difficult to splice. It is also difficult to manufacture, subject to longitudinal and transverse cracking, not appropriate for curved or flared structures, complicated for skews. The advantages of these pile types include high load capacities, corrosion resistance, and resistance to hard driving. Absolute minimum depth of precast bridge for short and intermediate spans. Expedites stage construction. Drilled Shafts Drilled shafts are also known as caissons or piers or bored piles. This is often known to be a cost effective solution which is practiced worldwide. This is a widely used type of deep-foundation. Drilled Shafts are widely used in the construction of bridges and large buildings. This technique is used in construction areas where large loads along with lateral resistance are key factors. Figure 7.1. Drilled Shaft The main advantages are that it is economical, it could minimize pile need for pile cap, slightly less noise and reduced vibrations, adapts easily to varying site conditions and has high axial and lateral loading capacity. The main disadvantages are that it is extremely sensitive to construction procedures, not ideal for contaminated sites, and lack of qualified inspectors. Figure 7.2. Drilled Shaft A Drilled Pile is made of concrete or grout and cast or poured, in a plastic state, into a drilled hole in the earth. Augercast, Drilled Shafts, Drilled Cast-in-situ and, their variations are all forms of drilled piles. Completed drilled piles cannot be easily inspected after installation and can be difficult to install in very soft or loose soils, wet, and marine conditions. A Drilled Pile removes soil from the ground and the resulting round hole is filled with concrete or grout. Steel Piles These are more expensive then timber or concrete but this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of handling of steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard driving, by their resilience and strength in bending, and their capability to carry heavy loads. Steel piles can be driven in very long lengths and cause little ground displacement. They are liable to corrosion above the soil line and in disturbed ground, and they require cathodic protection of a tong life is desired in marine structures. Long steel piles of slender section may suffer damage by buckling if they deviate from their true alignment during driving. Figure 8. Steel Piles Steel piles are strong, lightweight to handle, and capable ofcarrying heavy loads to deeper bearing stratum. They can be extended to any length since splicing is relatively easy, and these can also be readily cut to any required length. This makes steel piles suitable for areas where the depth of bearing strata are variable. Various types of steel piles in common use include pipe piles, H-section piles, box section piles, and tapered and fluted tubes. Pipe piles and H-section piles are the most commonly used steel piles in engineering practice. Steel pipe piles can either be driven open ended or closed ended. Open-ended piles will experience less driving resistance and can be drilled through obstructions such as boulders and bedrock. The piles are generally economical in the range of 40 to 80 ft (12 to 24 m) and can carry loads as high as about 250 kips (1115 kN). Pipe piles are most suited where overburden is soft clays, silts, and loose-to-medium dense sand and is underlain by dense-bearing granular material. H-Piles A form of Steel pile is known as H-Pile. These are wide-flanged sections made of steel. The biggest advantage of this pile is that the displacement of soil becomes very less, when compared against other soil displacement methods practiced in the world. The H-pile falls under small displacement category. Figure 9. H-Piles Timber piles cannot be driven through hard ground. Steel H-piles are essentially end-bearing piles. Due to limited perimeter area, H-piles cannot generate much frictional resistance. Corrosion is a major problem for steel H-piles. The corrosion is controlled by adding copper into steel. H-piles are easily spliced. They are ideal for highly variable soil conditions. H-piles can bend under very hard ground conditions. This is known as dog legging, and the pile installation supervisor needs to make sure that the piles are not out of plumb. H-piles can get plugged during the driving process. If the H-pile is plugged, end bearing may increase due to larger area. On the other hand, skin frictionmay become smaller due to smaller wall area. When H-piles are driven, both analyses should be done (unplugged and plugged) and the lower value should be used for design. Unplugged: Low end bearing, high skin friction. Plugged: Low skin friction, high end bearing. Advantages are that H-pile is available in various lengths and sizes easy to splice high capacity low soil displacement many penetrate larger obstructions with driving shoes. The disadvantages are that it is vulnerable to corrosion, hence not recommended as friction piles in granular soils may force the h-pile to bend on the weaker axis, during the pile-driving process. Due to this, there is a high chance of curvature, which may result when the piles are driven into a larger depth. Cylindrical Cylindrical piles have a high axial compressive strength for high bearing capacities; they have high moments of inertia and therefore can serve well as both a column and a foundation pile under high vertical and lateral loads. Figure 10. Cylinder Piles Cylinder piles are often used in nearshore applications where smaller foundation piles would require cofferdam construction and other costly measures. Drilled shafts have similar load bearing properties and capabilities, however, they are generally more costly than piles installed by impact driving. Timber Piles Untreated timber piles may be used for temporary construction, revetments, fenders and similar work; and in permanent construction where the cutoff elevation of the pile is below the permanent ground water table and where the piles are not exposed to marine borers. They are also sometimes used for trestle construction, although treated piles are preferred. Timber piles are difficult to extend, hard to anchor into the footing to resist uplift, and subject to damage if not driven carefully. Timber piles also have a maximum allowable bearing capacity of 45 Tons, whereas most structure piles are designed for at least 70 Tons. These piles are mostly installed by driving and are best suited as friction piles in granular material. Figure 11. Timber Piles The main advantages of timber piles are that they have low initial cost, are easy to handle, and resist decay when they are permanently submerged. The main disadvantages are that it is tough to splice, are vulnerable to damage in hard driving, and are susceptible to decay unless treated. Treatment becomes necessary when these piles are intermittently submerged. Composite Piles Materials may be used in combination in piles and the most common example is the use of steel and concrete. This may be by using driven steel casings of various types filled with a structural core of concrete, or a steel pile protected externally by concrete casing; the latter is normally only possible for exposed lengths of piles such as would be encountered in a jetty structure. There are, however, forms of steel pile, which have grout pipes throughout their length, which are used for forming a protective outer casing after driving. Figure 12. Composite Piles The maximum stresses in timber, steel and concrete should not exceed the values specified above for various materials. The main disadvantage of these piles is that it is difficult to attain good joint between two materials. The main advantage is that considerable length can be provided at comparatively low cost. High capacity may be possible depending on materials. use of piles in construction There are two types of piles used for construction: Displacement Piles Non-Displacement Piles DisplacemeNt Pile The type of pile, which is rammed into the ground, which does not remove the soil, but displaces the soil downwards and sidewise. This type of pile foundation is called displacement pile. Figure 13. Displacement Piles This method piles displace soil during their installation, such as driving, jacking, or vibration, into the ground. Examples of these types of piles are timber, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, close-ended steel pipe, and fluted and tapered steel tube piles. The advantages of displacement piles are: Material forming pile can be inspected for quality. Soundness before driving. Not liable to squeezing or necking. Construction operation not affected by ground water. Projection above ground level advantageous to marine structures. Can be driven in the very long lengths. The disadvantages of displacement piles are: May break during driving, necessitation replacement pile. Unseen damages may occurring thus decreasing the carrying capacity. Noise pollution may be caused during hammering. Vibration caused during the hammering process may pose a threat to nearby structures. Non-DisplacemeNt Pile These Piles do not displace soil during their installation. These piles are formed by first removing the soil by boring and then placing prefabricated or cast-in-place pile into the hole from which an equal volume of soil was removed. Their placement causes little or no change in lateral ground stress, and, consequently, such piles develop less shaft friction than displacement piles of the same size and shape. Piling operation is done by such methods, as augering (drilling, rotary boring) or by grabbing (percussion boring). Most common types of no displacement piles are bored and cast-in-place concrete piles. The advantages of non displacement piles are: Material forming pile is not governed by handling or driving stresses. Can be installed in very long lengths. No ground heaves. Can be installed in conditions of low headroom. Figure 14. Non Displacement Piles The disadvantages of non displacement piles are: Concreting in water-bearing soils require special techniques. Inspection of concrete cannot be done after installation. Cannot be extended above ground level without special adoption. LITERATURE REVIEW Description of Journals This section contains the description paragraph for the 5 technical journals which has been chosen to support the main topic of research. Adel M. Hanna, George Morcous, and Mary Helmy (2004) Efficiency of Pile Groups Installed in Cohensionless Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual piles and the group piles. This could lead to destruction of the building. The authors have developed an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to assist the research. They have found that the ANN model is nearly 80% accurate to the predicted value. The predictions are very accurate, even with low tolerance values. They have also made an ANN model which can be easily updated when new data are obtained from laboratory and field tests. Kevin J.Bentley and M.Hesham El Naggar (2000). Numerical Analysis of Kinematic Response of Single Piles Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. Jinoh Won and Fred H. Kulhawy (2009) Reduction of Pile Head Displacement for Restrained Head Single Pile. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only. The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and numerical data. Ling-gang Kong and Li-min Zhang (2007). Effect of Pile-cap Connection on Behaviour of Torsionally Loaded Pile Groups Evaluation of the responses, under torsion, of fixed as well as pinned pile cap was done by the authors. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that the lateral ad torsional resistance of the individual piles is mobilized by a pile group which is subjected to torsion. This could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Whereas under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. Weiming Gong, Guoliang Dai and Haowen Zhang (2009) Experimental Study on pile-end post-grouting piles for super-large bridge pile foundations. The authors made an experimental study on pile-end and post-grouting piles for very large bridge-pile foundations. Before the after-grouting works were evaluated, the authors wanted to analyze the bearing capacity, bearing characteristics and displacement. The authors introduced 21 test piles to perform the experiment. The technique was implemented to increase the capacity as well as decrease settlement. The author has done a lot of background researches, across various bridges. From the research it has been found that the capacities are greatly enhanced after pile-base grouting. The Q-s curve before grouting decrease sharply under small loads and have great deviations from existed geological values, which attributes to long term interval between drilling and grouting. So the authors have proved that, by grouting, they have steadily increase the bearing capacity of a bridge. Order of Paragraphs Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only. The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and numerical data. The authors carefully studied the reaction of two types of pile cap (fixed pinned) under torsion. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that the lateral ad torsional resistance of the individual piles is mobilized by a pile group which is subjected to torsion. This could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Where as under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual piles and the group piles. This could lead to destruction of the building. The authors have developed an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to assist the research. They have found that the ANN model is nearly 80% accurate to the predicted value. The predictions are very accurate, even with low tolerance values. They have also made an ANN model which can be easily updated when new data are obtained from laboratory and field tests. The authors made an experimental study on pile-end and post-grouting piles for very large bridge-pile foundations. Before the after-grouting works were evaluated, the authors wanted to analyze the bearing capacity, bearing characteristics and displacement. The authors introduced 21 test piles to perform the experiment. The technique was implemented to increase the capacity as well as decrease settlement. The author has done a lot of background researches, across various bridges. From the research it has been found that the capacities are greatly enhanced after pile-base grouting. The Q-s curve before grouting decrease sharply under small loads and have great deviations from existed geological values, which attributes to long term interval between drilling and grouting. So the authors have proved that, by grouting, they have steadily increase the bearing capacity of a bridge. Addition of Introductory and Concluding Sentences Pile is commonly described as a columnar element of a building foundation. Its function is to transfer the load from a superstructure to the hard layer in the soil, or on to the rocks. Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. The type of soil is an important entity while fixing piles. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only.The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and nu merical data. The frictional resistance of the pile is directly proportional to the soil cohesiveness, which means if the soil is cohesive, it will have a better contact with the area of the side pile. The pile cap distributes the load from the pillars, or piers, to the piles. The authors studied the reaction of the two pile caps (fixed and pinned) cap under torsion. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that a pile group subjected to torsion simultaneously mobilizes lateral and torsional resistance of the individual piles and the torsional resistance could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Where as under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. An Artificial Intelligence based application need to be created which would perform tests based on experimental values. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Personal Narrative - Rejoice in the Lord Always Essay -- Personal Narr

Personal Narrative- The Bible Spoke to Me I sat on my bed. Alone. Lonely. But I wasn’t. Everything that everyone had said, left unsaid, was with me. Smothering me. As scenes danced mockingly through my mind, I cried out, â€Å"Does anyone care about me?! Does anyone care if I come to school or church-would anyone notice if I just quit?!† A small, still voice whispered in my ear. Something stirred, struggling to be free, but my tormented mind smothered it, preferring to drown in self pity. â€Å"Does anyone listen to me? Does anyone want me?† I moaned. As I sank into despair, a book caught my eye. Buried beneath homework, magazines, and litter was my poor bedraggled Bible, falling apart from years of use-none of it recent. I dragged it out and opened it to Philippians. â€Å"Rejoice in...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Great Guitarist Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out history, music has played a big role. It has let people communicate and others release their creative minds. Throughout the life of music, instruments have made it happen. The guitar has become one of the most popular of all instruments. In fact, almost every band heard on the radio has a lead guitar accompanying the vocals. Thanks to the greats like B.B. King, Jimi Hendrix, Andres Segovia, and Eric Clapton the guitar has been made the lead instrument in much of music. With contributions from each one of these legendary players, the guitar is used in a variety of styles; heavy metal to classical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now a days, guitars are seen and heard everywhere. There are so many different types and styles. The two major categories are electric and acoustic. Electric guitars where first introduced in the 1940’s to enhance and amplify the sound of acoustic guitars. Acoustic guitars have hollow, wooden bodies. When the strings are played, the sound is amplified and echoes in the resonating body (New Grove 827).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today the common guitars, acoustic and electric, have six strings and on average of nineteen frets that range 3  ½ octaves. An octave is a unit of measurement obtaining to tones. Each string has a name. The bottom and thinnest string is the high e, next is b, then g, onto d, then A, and finally low E. Sound is made by strumming or plucking these strings while placing the fingers of the opposite hand on the frets and strings to produce different notes (Turnbull 825).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The guitar is hard to trace back beyond the Renaissance period but it is known the guitar has roots in Spain. The first known guitar was small with four sets of strings; each set called a course. Later a fifth course was added. At the end of the Baroque period, single strings replaced the double strings and a sixth was added. Since then, the guitar was changed little until Manuel Torres worked with the design and body. First, he increased the overall size. Making the body bigger and the neck longer added more notes and more amplification. He was the first to use the fan brace design on the inside of the resonating body. This increased the sound quality that was produced by the echo. This design is still in use today (Some Guitar History 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.B. K... ... his guitars. â€Å"Clapton’s rich, precise guitar work showed why he is worth seeing anytime, anywhere† (Fricke 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the guitar is very broad but certain individuals have made it a very popular instrument. These same people have brought the guitar into the spotlight by using their own special styles. Thanks to them, the guitar has a spot in every type of music; heavy metal too classical. Biography Biography. [online] Available http://clapton.musicdot.com/biography.htm. Ewen, David, ed. Musicians Since 1900. New York: H.W. Wilson  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company, 1978. Fricke, David. â€Å"Clapton’s Crossroads Jam.† Rolling Stone 5 Aug. 1999:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24. Kerekes, Jim and Dennis O’Neill. King Of The Blues. [online] Available  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.worldblues.com/bbking/prairie/. Pesant, Steven C. James ‘Jimi’ Marshall Hendrix. [online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.jimi-hendrix.com/story/hendrix.asp. Some Guitar History. [online] Available  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.albany.net/~dowland/gtrhstry.html, December 7, 1999. Turnbull, Harvey. The New Grove. 1995 ed.

The Ethics of Terrorism: Employing Just War Principles Essay -- Terror

The Just War tradition has been seen as a leading perspective on the ethics of war since the writings of St Augustine were rearticulated by Thomas Aquinas. It attempts to provide a framework which validates just conflicts, whilst at the same time applying limits so as to prevent unrestrained warfare. Today, its core principles can be divided into two broad categories: ‘jus ad bellum’ (just resort to war) and ‘jus in bello’ (just conduct in war). For a war to be just, numerous criteria must be satisfied within these categories. In recent decades non-state terrorism has become increasingly high-profile; indeed, in the twenty first century it has dominated the global political agenda. It is pertinent therefore, to question whether terrorism can be ethically assessed using the Just War tradition.In this essay, I will argue that it is possible to ethically evaluate terrorism by employing Just War principles. I will show that terrorists can satisfy the most important criterion of the Just War tradition. Firstly, they can represent a ‘legitimate authority’ and can have a ‘just cause’. Secondly, terrorism can be a ‘last resort’ and offers a ‘reasonable prospect of success’. Finally, whilst many terrorists do adhere to the principle of ‘discrimination’, the notion of ‘non-combatant immunity’ and civilian innocence is over-simplified. Furthermore, terrorists may perceive themselves to be in a ‘supreme emergency’, therefore mea ning the rules of war cease to exist. Terrorism can satisfy the principle of proportionality. However, before I begin my argument, I must establish a working definition for ‘terrorism’; an important and controversial issue in itself. Walzer describes it as ‘like rape and murder†¦ an attack upon the innocent’ (2005... ...Family Research Council, Accessed Online: 07/11/2010 Roberts, Adams, (1989), ‘Ethics, Terrorism and Counter Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (1), pp. 48-70 Schmidt Alex P, and Jongman Albert I, (1998) ‘Political Terrorism’ (Amsterdam, Transaction Books) Smilanski, Saul, (2004), ‘Terrorism, Justification and Illusion’, Ethics, 114, July pp. 790-805 Valls, Andrew, (2000), ‘Can Terrorism Be Justified’, In Andre Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs, pp. 65-80 Walzer, Michael, (1992), ‘Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations’, (New York: Basic Books) Walzer, Michael, (2005), ‘Arguing About War’, (Yale Nota Bene) Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor, (1992), ‘Terrorism and collective responsibility’, (New York : Routledge) US State Department, (2005), ‘Country Reports on Terrorism’, Accessed online: 15/11/2010 The Ethics of Terrorism: Employing Just War Principles Essay -- Terror The Just War tradition has been seen as a leading perspective on the ethics of war since the writings of St Augustine were rearticulated by Thomas Aquinas. It attempts to provide a framework which validates just conflicts, whilst at the same time applying limits so as to prevent unrestrained warfare. Today, its core principles can be divided into two broad categories: ‘jus ad bellum’ (just resort to war) and ‘jus in bello’ (just conduct in war). For a war to be just, numerous criteria must be satisfied within these categories. In recent decades non-state terrorism has become increasingly high-profile; indeed, in the twenty first century it has dominated the global political agenda. It is pertinent therefore, to question whether terrorism can be ethically assessed using the Just War tradition.In this essay, I will argue that it is possible to ethically evaluate terrorism by employing Just War principles. I will show that terrorists can satisfy the most important criterion of the Just War tradition. Firstly, they can represent a ‘legitimate authority’ and can have a ‘just cause’. Secondly, terrorism can be a ‘last resort’ and offers a ‘reasonable prospect of success’. Finally, whilst many terrorists do adhere to the principle of ‘discrimination’, the notion of ‘non-combatant immunity’ and civilian innocence is over-simplified. Furthermore, terrorists may perceive themselves to be in a ‘supreme emergency’, therefore mea ning the rules of war cease to exist. Terrorism can satisfy the principle of proportionality. However, before I begin my argument, I must establish a working definition for ‘terrorism’; an important and controversial issue in itself. Walzer describes it as ‘like rape and murder†¦ an attack upon the innocent’ (2005... ...Family Research Council, Accessed Online: 07/11/2010 Roberts, Adams, (1989), ‘Ethics, Terrorism and Counter Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (1), pp. 48-70 Schmidt Alex P, and Jongman Albert I, (1998) ‘Political Terrorism’ (Amsterdam, Transaction Books) Smilanski, Saul, (2004), ‘Terrorism, Justification and Illusion’, Ethics, 114, July pp. 790-805 Valls, Andrew, (2000), ‘Can Terrorism Be Justified’, In Andre Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs, pp. 65-80 Walzer, Michael, (1992), ‘Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations’, (New York: Basic Books) Walzer, Michael, (2005), ‘Arguing About War’, (Yale Nota Bene) Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor, (1992), ‘Terrorism and collective responsibility’, (New York : Routledge) US State Department, (2005), ‘Country Reports on Terrorism’, Accessed online: 15/11/2010

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

A lesson Before Dying

In the book â€Å" A lesson Before Dying† the chracters in the book have a lot of different personalities. There are many ways to compare the meaning of the characters name to themselves in the book. Grant’s name means great and as in the story he struggles between the meaning of life and the things that control it, many influences in his life show him valuble things that help him get through his struggles of being a black man in the south with an education, and himself considering he is powerless against changing his life around. Vivian’s name means alive, and as it shows she is a white schoolteacher and represents grants individualist side, in a way that pushes him in the way of doing great things, but her family does not accept grant because of his color. She shows frant the meaning of being alive and working for things. Emma’s name means universal so in a way it ties in with her in the story because she has an open mind and is kind to everyone no matter the race, or ethnicity. She shows people the good they have in themselves and why it is important to show love and kindness. Lastly there is Paul and his name means small, since he is the youngest in the sheriff’s department he is more tolerant but stubborn, and finds new ways for things, and everyone say he comes from a good stock, which means he comes from a family that he treats people well regardless of race or ethnicity. Many of the names from the characters go along with their personalities in the story, not always exactly the same but close to who they are. A Lesson Before Dying Professor Askassi ENGL 102 Section 021 12 April 2010 Rodnika’s Personal Reflection on A Lesson Before Dying. The story, A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines is a awesome book so far. I can relate to this whole situation in numerous of ways. This story just bring back a time that my brother had to go through years ago and how he is still paying the price even though he guilty in all matters. I believe that the court system is full of a lot of stuff. They convict incents people for no reason. I can imagine how not only Jefferson but his family is going through.My life has change in way that I couldn’t imagine after my brother was locked up and sentence to life in prison. My life changed tremendously on August 15, 2007 as I sat in the court room with my family and friend as the prosecutor read the verdict of my brother Rodney as guilty with two counts of first-degree murder charges and life in prison. I sat there crying over and over again because I knew that just was n’t true and they made a mistake but then I realize that I will never see my brother again walking on these streets.The way I was raised as I’m my brother keeper and the same goes for him. Even though, he wasn’t my mother child she felt grief that I was going through. Just a year before, my brother and I were sitting outside Barry Farm neighborhood in Washington, Dc with my cousins and friends on a nice spring day. We all was out enjoying the sun and was glad to be around the neighborhood where all the fun happens at. Even, thought this environment wasn’t as safe as it should we still enjoy ourselves and was glad to be around there.But then same night time, and that was my key to go in the house because too much stuff goes on at night time. I got a funny feeling inside of me to tell my brother to come inside too but at the age of twenty-one he just wouldn’t listen to me. The clock hit one in the morning and I started to hear a lot of gun shots outs ide of my cousin window. Then when I heard a lot going off I just knew something wasn’t right. I looked outside and there was a shootout going on in the neighborhood. I was scared and nervous cause I didn’t know where my brother was.The gun shot had to have stopped twenty minutes later. I called and called my brother because I heard police siren everywhere in neighborhood. But, he never answered the phone. I didn’t sleep at all that night. But, then I finally got a phone call saying that the police had locked him up and took him in. I was so shocked I knew my brother wasn’t responsible for that dangerous activity that went on. When, my family and I got down there they said there are locking my brother up because he was the key shooter of this event and they found the gun he was using.I knew my brother never owned a gun. We had to wait months for the DA to come out with evidenced that they thought they had on Rodney. While, going through trail they explain ed that the fingerprint on the gun matched my brother. But, I knew that was impossible. We always question them to do another test but they ignore us every time. I believe it’s funny how the court systems lock poor innocent people up. My brother is in there surviving time for something he had nothing to do with.Till this day we are still trying to get his case back on trail so we can retest the fingerprint on the gun again. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. In the story A Lesson Before Dying, I feel sorry for Jefferson a young black man that was in a situation at the wrong place at the wrong time just like my brother Rodney. They are both in the system surviving time and will never walk foot outside of a jail yard ever again. It funny the system believes and does what they want to do and thinks it alright. But, in my brother case they will not win this battle. A Lesson Before Dying Professor Askassi ENGL 102 Section 021 12 April 2010 Rodnika’s Personal Reflection on A Lesson Before Dying. The story, A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines is a awesome book so far. I can relate to this whole situation in numerous of ways. This story just bring back a time that my brother had to go through years ago and how he is still paying the price even though he guilty in all matters. I believe that the court system is full of a lot of stuff. They convict incents people for no reason. I can imagine how not only Jefferson but his family is going through.My life has change in way that I couldn’t imagine after my brother was locked up and sentence to life in prison. My life changed tremendously on August 15, 2007 as I sat in the court room with my family and friend as the prosecutor read the verdict of my brother Rodney as guilty with two counts of first-degree murder charges and life in prison. I sat there crying over and over again because I knew that just was n’t true and they made a mistake but then I realize that I will never see my brother again walking on these streets.The way I was raised as I’m my brother keeper and the same goes for him. Even though, he wasn’t my mother child she felt grief that I was going through. Just a year before, my brother and I were sitting outside Barry Farm neighborhood in Washington, Dc with my cousins and friends on a nice spring day. We all was out enjoying the sun and was glad to be around the neighborhood where all the fun happens at. Even, thought this environment wasn’t as safe as it should we still enjoy ourselves and was glad to be around there.But then same night time, and that was my key to go in the house because too much stuff goes on at night time. I got a funny feeling inside of me to tell my brother to come inside too but at the age of twenty-one he just wouldn’t listen to me. The clock hit one in the morning and I started to hear a lot of gun shots outs ide of my cousin window. Then when I heard a lot going off I just knew something wasn’t right. I looked outside and there was a shootout going on in the neighborhood. I was scared and nervous cause I didn’t know where my brother was.The gun shot had to have stopped twenty minutes later. I called and called my brother because I heard police siren everywhere in neighborhood. But, he never answered the phone. I didn’t sleep at all that night. But, then I finally got a phone call saying that the police had locked him up and took him in. I was so shocked I knew my brother wasn’t responsible for that dangerous activity that went on. When, my family and I got down there they said there are locking my brother up because he was the key shooter of this event and they found the gun he was using.I knew my brother never owned a gun. We had to wait months for the DA to come out with evidenced that they thought they had on Rodney. While, going through trail they explain ed that the fingerprint on the gun matched my brother. But, I knew that was impossible. We always question them to do another test but they ignore us every time. I believe it’s funny how the court systems lock poor innocent people up. My brother is in there surviving time for something he had nothing to do with.Till this day we are still trying to get his case back on trail so we can retest the fingerprint on the gun again. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. In the story A Lesson Before Dying, I feel sorry for Jefferson a young black man that was in a situation at the wrong place at the wrong time just like my brother Rodney. They are both in the system surviving time and will never walk foot outside of a jail yard ever again. It funny the system believes and does what they want to do and thinks it alright. But, in my brother case they will not win this battle.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Qingdao- Report on our school trip Essay

The trip to Qingdao was perhaps the most successful I had been to and one the students all expressed satisfaction with, despite the numerous problems given the rushed nature of the trip and the disastrous first day spent at the airport. I felt that this was more due to the fact that we only had to spend three days. and anything more in such a small coastal resort would have stretched students’ patience to breaking point. Over 80% of the students were of the opinion that this trip â€Å"- was more organised† which, given the fact it had been completely unplanned and students had been unprepared (wearing clothes suited for the beach in Hainan and not for three days of heavy rain), is remarkable. One student did later email me to offer his opinion that â€Å"the last minute change to Qing Dao made the trip much less pleasant† although of those asked, nearly all agreed that there had been â€Å"good last minute planning.† Many expressed amazement that there had been no contingency plan given the fact most knew of the threat of a hurricane the week before. It was also a matter of concern that whereas we were told not to make such a trip due to the danger, the Chinese section by 17.00 were still waiting for an aeroplane to that very location. Students also felt that the â€Å"hotels were better than last year†, although at the same time expressed dissatisfaction with them and the first hotel in particular. Personally I felt the hotels were satisfactory, although the first one provided food that was universally disliked, with students using adjectives â€Å"bad† and â€Å"horrible† to describe it. The breakfast we had on that first morning certainly did not help to motivate the students. As a result of the singular nature of this trip, many recommendations and comments simply would not valid for the next such trip. For example, the lack of preparedness both in the itinerary and provisions for students (food and clothing) was simply due to the timing. I do wish to offer a recommendation that was made last year and judiciously ignored; that of tour guides. I was shocked to see that the tour group responsible for our disastrous trip to Chengdu last year (reminder: forcing students to endure 28 hours on a train, and an entire day on a bus to have less than an hour to visit a museum) was AGAIN put in charge of this one. I can only conclude that this was due to economic considerations, this group no doubt being the  cheapest. However, again I wish to ask the school to reconsider using such groups which to my mind are only motivated by money, have no concern about engaging students, and offer more obstacles than solutions in the obscene belief that they, and not the people paying them, are in charge. To be told they we are not welcome to change our itinerary without their agreement is deeply offensive to me. As one student informed me, ISB has done away with such groups, suggesting Never, EVER use a Chinese tour guide. They cut deals with restaurants and tourist traps and take you places that seem like huge Chinese amusement parks. You can’t get a decent tour there because the Chinese don’t really value what we value or think things are cool that we think are cool. For example, no one in China thought that the pictures I took were of any value. Their take is, â€Å"why would he want to take a picture of that alley or that market or that man; why doesn’t he take a picture of the Pearl Tower?† Tours these groups ‘organise’ are done so without any apparent thought given to the participants, in our case 15-16 year old teenagers most of whom are laowei. An incompetent guide with poor language abilities and an inability to engage the attention of teenagers all too often sacrifices what could be a golden opportunity for real bonding between students and staff. Indeed, these tours are run to make money, not to educate and encourage the development of students. Hence time is spent travelling to factories and markets to gain money for the guide, breeding resentment between students who are forced to waste their time travelling to and staying in such areas. Another student told me that tour group leaders are somehow required to take their tour groups to at least one market a day, even for Chinese tour groups that she had been on. She said the tour group leaders get a percentage from the merchants on what was spent by the group. Our students are a cynical, world-weary bunch for the most part and see this for the exploitation that it is. Specific problems were encountered at the airport, where two students had managed to organise a 14.00 flight to Qingdao only to have the tour organisers (neither of whom seem to be in charge) tell us to wait until  after lunch, only after which an attempt was made to arrange a flight four hours later. Upon arrival and for the duration of the trip, both tour organiser and the local guide argued between themselves in front of us which did nothing for morale or to reassure us. The most striking example during this trip that illustrates the problems of relying on tour guides was when we had visited the Taiqing Temple in southeast of Laoshan Mountain. Like so many other ‘historical’ sights in China, such places we are taken to are new, tour-group friendly replicas and frankly uninteresting. It is the largest and the oldest Taoist temple in China but, instead of discussing the historical significance of the site, the guide spoke only of simplistic ideas in Daoism and repeated the usual mantra â€Å"this stone looks like this and therefore is called the†¦.† As a result students paid no attention and began wondering off. Students were left without any appreciation or insight into what they had seen, and Paul was left with little time for his planned lesson with his students on Laoshan Mountain that had been completely overrun by tours so as to have been useless. What had been most important to me to visit was the German legation area as I actually teach this part of history to my class. Instead of seeing such architecture, we went only to the German governor’s house where no attempt was made by the guide to explain anything apart from dwelling on the fact that Mao had spent a month there as a guest in the 1950s. As one student remarked upon arriving back in Beijing, â€Å"the tour guides were annoying and knew little.† Of course we visited the Tsingtao Beer Museum, China’s first such facility. So quickly and dispassionately did the guide lead us through that I myself missed most of what was said and understood nothing about the history and process involved. I ended up feeling sorry for the chemistry teacher for whom this tour was especially important. The guides encouraged students to drink at the end of this tour, actually arguing with me in front of them to  let them drink pitchers of beer after I had limited each student to a glass. This I found unacceptable behaviour and unforgivable as it was I, not them, who would be left responsible and put under account once we returned. The last place we visited was the Chinese Naval Museum, which is apparently China’s largest. The main exhibits are souvenirs of Chinese navy history and de-commissioned Chinese navy weapons, warships and submarines including the destroyers used in the Second World War. I was especially bitter as an history teacher not having a guide to walk us through these remarkable exhibits but left students on their own to wander ignorantly. Some of us did venture onto a destroyer (by now it was raining heavily and we were wearing clothes for Hainan) but again, it was not until after the trip I discovered the importance of such a Soviet-built ship, which had actually shot down an American plane. As I am currently teaching this stage in history to this very class of IB1 students, I consider it to have been a tremendously wasted opportunity. Qingdao is famous for its rich historical and cultural resources and yet we saw little. I would recommend the next trip to Qingdao having students visit The Catholic church which is the largest of its kind in Qingdao. It is a Gothic style church designed by German architect Alfred Frederic Pohl and completed in 1934. This would help students gain greater cultural awareness as is the IB’s mission. Another church would have been the Lutheran, a Byzantium-style church completed in 1910, which was the first facility constructed by German settlers in Qingdao. I doubt the majority of our students have ever seen a Lutheran church before. Students next time could also visit the television tower on Mt. Xinhaoshan Park with its revolving top floor where they could view the coastal scenery and visit the exhibition of human communication history. This would have been far more useful to our students than simply depositing them on a forlorn beach for two hours. Also on this site is a park where two pavilions has been constructed overlooking the beaches. Besides the German legacy, Qingdao is useful for other cultural sites from Russian to Japanese buildings. Next time I would recommend students go past the Huashi Building, which was designed by a Russian architect and completed in 1932.The building incorporates Greek and Roman as well as Gothic architectural styles and is believed to be a typical castle construction combing Western architectural arts. Such a building cannot be seen in Beijing. I had wanted to take students to Xiaoqingdao lsle because in 1890German colonists erected a beacon to assist navigation before he Sino-Japanese war, but was not allowed by the tour guide due to fears about making the short journey by boat. Instead we spent another day on the shore. We had never been taken to Zhanqiao Pier, which is the symbol of Qingdao (as I know from the Tsingtao beer logo) and which had originally been completed in 1891 to be used as a dock and expanded by German colonists in 1897.At the end of there is a traditional two-story Chinese style pavilion, Huilan’ge with overhanging eaves and an octagon roof. Finally I think that students should also be taken to Qingdao Underwater World with its three sections of an intertidal zone, an underwater tunnel and a 4-story underground aquarium displaying marine species and marine science, if only for something to break the monotony. Perhaps the best way to end this necessarily brief report would be to allow the students themselves express their views. When asked at the end of the trip what the students felt, they all agreed that the likes: -â€Å"freedom to do what we wanted.† Admittedly this had been limited given the weather; such freedom too did not mean that they had not been under supervision throughout. -â€Å"coolness of the teachers.† I feel we all worked together very well as a  group. -â€Å"the fact that the opinions of students mattered.† Again, in my experience this has always been the case in the trips I had been to, although perhaps students were encouraged to help organise everything from alternative flights to beach activities and therefore felt particularly valued. -† was more organised.† â€Å"enjoyed being able to â€Å"hang out† with friends† -â€Å"enjoyed the sea/beach.† † the beach, teachers, seafood was good.† â€Å"got to know classmates much better.† They disliked: -â€Å"the curfew.† This is a strange point to me as it was only truly enforced the first night; on other nights teachers stayed up with them and played cards or Playstation. -â€Å"the food.† As always, we had to endure the same monotonous hotel food. Again, when breakfast is poor as was the case on the first day, it makes a difference to the morale of the students for the rest of the day). One Muslim student suffered the first dinner despite the guides knowing her restrictions. -â€Å"the tour guides.† I suggest we do as ISB does and plan such trips 5-6 months in advance, and have students come up with their own itinerary. Guides should be there to book hotels and buses and provide knowledgeable advice (not propaganda); they serve to assist teachers, not override and replace them. -† Lao Shan and the first hotel were horrible.† â€Å"12 hours at the airport was not fun at all.† Nevertheless, they were informed and asked for their opinions and advice throughout, so it was manageable. -† Wanted more beach activities and more fun activities†. This was a problem simply given the weather. â€Å"Hotels could have been better.† For this main point I perhaps should add that many felt embittered that they had replaced 4 star hotels in Hainan with swimming pools and the like for cheaper 3 star hotels in Qingdao with absolutely no facilities at all; not even a ping pong table. Nevertheless, the cost throughout was the same as it would have been for a week in Hainan.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Who doesn t know Louis Vuitton

Globalization is the process of development in politics, economy and culture all around the world. National economies becomes increasingly integrated through globalization. Although globalization brings positive effect on economy, it also affects the world in a negative way. To start with, globalization has improved interdependence of national economies. Globalization involved free trade, greater competition, and increased investment. Globalization allows companies to enter wider markets and consumers have more options of goods and services.Free trade is a trade between countries without governmental intervention. Globalization lows greater trade and competition in the market that leads to lower prices, higher economic growth and it also increases level of investment. Since companies open wider markets, they need more people to work for them. Globalization enables a larger job opportunity that leads to decreasing of unemployment. Globalization allows us to move from one to another co untry. Free movement of labor gives advantages to both sender and recipient countries.If a nation experiences high unemployment, there are large opportunities to look for jobs somewhere else. Globalization increases Gross Domestic Product (GAP) of a country. GAP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Production of foreign companies in a country is counted as a part of country's GAP. A massive increase in education is also result of the globalization process. However, globalization brings negative impacts on a nation. Developing countries have difficulties to compete with developed countries.Globalization drives migration. So many people with different background move in and out Of a Country. They tend to follow the foreign culture and forget their own culture, this can lead to cultural conflicts. Opening doors to international trade has increased intense competition. Local products often struggle to compete with impor ted products because imported products are usually cheaper and better. Globalization has increased standard of living. People in recent times tend to buy branded products more than local products. Thereby the local companies suffer huge losses.Globalization allows workers to move freely. Hence, it is difficult for some countries to hold onto their best skilled workers who are attracted by higher salaries in other countries. Economic bloc or trade bloc is an agreement between countries, to acclimate trade between participants. For example, The European Union (SEC)). The E has 28 members (Austria, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy, Romania, Croatia, Latvia, Spain, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovenia, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Estonia, Malta, Sweden, Finland, Netherlands, UK and France).The aim is to promote free trade between countries. Multinational Corporation also knows as transnational corporation, is a corporation that has i ts assets in several countries but managed from one country such as Coca Cola. Multinational Corporation is beneficial because it creates jobs and improves technology. Business cycle refers to the change of economic activity. Economy experiences ups and downs caused by the changes of supply and demand. The changes of economic growth in the global economy over time are known as international business cycle.In labor markets, employers compete to hire the best skilled workers, while workers compete to get the best satisfying job. In recent time, more people are moving to different countries to get a better quality of life and standard of living. High skilled workers are attracted to rich Mounties such as the United States because of the higher wages and better opportunities. Small countries often struggle to hold onto their most talented and skilled workers, who are attracted to other countries by greater rewards (Australia in the Global Economy, 2004).The globalization of labor market has been increasing, however there are still significant difficulties on working in other countries such as language, immigration restrictions, cultural factors, and incompatible educational and professional qualifications. For example, people from Mexico who move to America. 10,000 people cross the Mexican order every week. People usually move to find a job, to avoid war, to find a better quality of life or to be closer to their friends or family.Those migrants often struggle to live in rural Mexico because they have to survive with very little money; most of the population is living in poverty. The lack of resources makes they live harder to gain money. They believe by moving to America they can get a better life. Rural Mexico doesn't have minimum wage like in America; what they make in a whole day at Mexico would be few hour work in the USA. Migrants are usually fathers Of big families that have to cross the border, then end home bunches of money or return to their homes.Some of them move to America in a legal way and some with an illegal way. Those who don't have valid passport and visa are willing to cross the desert that separates Mexico and America. Many people suffer dehydration when they are crossing and the border patrol may catch them. These migrants bring impacts on both Mexico and America. The impacts on America are local businesses have benefited as they have a source of cheap labor, Mexicans are willing to do anything, and Mexicans have brought their culture and food with them that makes Mexican DOD very popular in the LISA.However, The LISA government has to spend millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons due to illegal migrants (recently it has been a concern that there may be terrorists crossing the border. ) Mexicans also cause social problems due cultural and racial issues and also many Americans feel that Mexicans are taking their jobs. On the other side, Mexico has less of economically active people; young people tend to migrate and leave the old and the very young. In the final analysis, globalization can benefit people but it can cost people too.Indonesia been terrorized recently, more jobs are provided so people become wealthier. Quality of life in Indonesia is increasing; the government now has more money to spend because people can afford to buy more expensive things. Globalization is at its peak and it is clear that globalization cannot be stopped.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Panic or use of fear

TerrorismTerrorism comes from the word panic which means terror or the usage of fright to transfuse fear in people to coerce them or hale them to make one ‘s command. Terrorism is the deliberate and planned usage of force, force or even fear against guiltless civilians for the intents of accomplishing aims and ends that may either be politically, ideologically, personally or sacredly instigated ( word net.com ) . Terrorism can besides be carried out as a signifier of retaliation by those who feel they may hold been wronged by certain persons. Terrorism has become a major concern non merely to universe leaders but to citizens of assorted states as good, particularly those viewed to be anti-Islam. Unfortunately the United States of America ( USA ) is top on this list, doing the citizens ever worried that their safety may be at interest. Crime in the signifier of terrorist act can be traced back to antediluvian times, for every bit long as human existences have been willing to utilize fright or force to hold their manner. In the first century, a Judaic group naming themselves The Sicarii employed slaying to their enemies every bit good as confederates in their command to subvert the Roman swayers from Judea ( Amy, 2005 ) . In the eleventh century all the manner to the thirteenth century, a secret Islamic religious order, The Hashashin, became active in Syria and Iran and they executed Abbasid and Seljuk politicians, doing them feared among their equals. It is besides deserving observing that the word bravo, normally used to depict terrorists was adapted from the word Hashashin. Modern twenty-four hours terrorist act nevertheless became rife in the late 1960 ‘s a period ill-famed for highjackings. The popular forepart for Palestinian release hijacked an El Al flight and about 20 old ages subsequently, a Pan Am flight was bombed over Lockerbie in Scotland, a cooling world that terrorist act was here with us. Numerous other terrorist activities have been carried out since so with the most hideous in the recent yesteryear being the September 11th 2001 bombardment of the Twin Towers at the World Trade Centre in New York in which claimed the lives of 2,995 people, including 19 highjackers and wounding over 6,291 people. Harmonizing to the website Terrorism Research there are legion classs of terrorists, among these are: Breakaway whose chief signifier of action is the separation through independency, domination or spiritual freedom through such agencies as societal unfairnesss among others. Other classs include Nationalist, Ethnocentric, Revolutionary, Political, Religious, Social, Domestic and International or Transnational. The means the terrorists can utilize to accomplish their ends can be classified as cyber terrorist act, biological terrorist act, province sponsored terrorist act or violent terrorist act among others ( Categories of terrorists, 2006 ) . This research will concentrate on international terrorist act which is presently the major manner in which terrorist act activities are perpetrated. International terrorists in the recent yesteryear have been of Islamic beginnings. Harmonizing to Islam instructions, none is to be worshipped but Allah, and anyone who seems to be interfering with the spread of Islam as a faith or non welcoming it is considered an heathen who should be wiped out. The USA has in its international policies been portrayed as an enemy of Islam and this has led to a batch of hatred to it from the Islamic states. Terrorist cells have hence come up in these states where sometimes even immature male childs are educated and brought up in a manner that makes them believe the Western states are a beginning of immorality that should be cleaned. Most of the terrorists are brought into these cells when they are immature and have their caputs filled with the negative impacts of the Western states. These immature male childs hence grow with a negative attitude towards these states and by the clip they attain the age of about 18, they normally have to the full formed attitudes towards these states that they are willing to give their lives in the name of supporting their faith, every bit good as assisting free the universe of the soil that is coming from the West. Their Acts of the Apostless range from bombing centres they believe to prolong the economic systems of these states to others like killing, albeit ghastly people they consider to be sympathisers with these states. The universe ‘s most wanted felon when it comes to terrorism at the minute is the Saudi born Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden. He is one of the laminitiss of the ill-famed terrorist group, the Al Qaeda and was born on 10th March 1957 in Riyadh in the democracy of Saudi Arabia to a affluent man of affairs male parent who was a polygamist. Bin Laden, was the boy of the 10th married woman and his parents divorced shortly after his birth. He graduated with a grade in civil technology. Osama is of the sentiment that the reconstructing the Sharia jurisprudence will compensate the wrongs in the Islamic universe and hence all other sentiments are disused. He believes American democratic political orientations are to be resisted by all agencies possible and he advocates for violent Jihadism as a agency of accomplishing this aim. In Osama ‘s beliefs, America, Israel, and the Shia Muslims are enemies and are vehicles through which moral degeneracy is dispersed. He has specific hatred towards the Jews who he considers cunning and Masterss of perfidy. He is non sympathetic to anyone when it comes to Jihadism and he considers all citizens, including adult females and kids to be suited marks of jehad. He insists jehad is the lone manner to compensate the wrongs that have been perpetrated against Muslim states and in peculiar his choler is directed at the USA. He is besides of the belief that Israel as a state should be wiped out. Theodore Kaczynski was born on 22nd May 1942. He is a former professor of mathematics who carried out a batch of mail bombardments and is most celebrated as the Unabomber ( University and Airline Bomber ) . He was a child mastermind and while in the fifth class, an IQ trial conducted on him revealed he had an IQ ( Intelligence Quotient ) of 167 and he was hence allowed to jump the 6th class and travel straight to the 7th class. At the age of 16, he is said to hold been involved in CIA head control and emphasis experiments which his attorneies during his test claim may hold had inauspicious effects on his province of head ( McFadden, 1996 ) . He moved to Lincoln, Montana in a cabin that had no basic necessities in an attempt to hone his endurance accomplishments and while there he began bombing universities and air hoses in an attempt to hold his positions about the devastation of the natural home ground around him heard. He was classified as a domestic terrorist as his action ne'er went beyond boundaries of his state. His terrorist onslaughts were carried out in the periods between the old ages 1978 and 1995 and led to the decease of 3 people and hurt to 23 others. Despite conjunct attempts and legion probe efforts, the governments were unable to capture Theodore and it took the aid of his brother for them to eventually capture him. He is presently incarcerated in a province prison, functioning a life sentence at the ADX Florence Maximum Facility in Florence Colorado without the possibility of a word. Timothy James McVeigh was born on April 23rd 1968 to a Catholic household and his parents, like those of Osama bin Laden divorced, although much later when he was 10 old ages old. In his confessions subsequently, he expressed an eager desire to decease from manner back in his childhood as he was ever picked upon by the senior pupils who took pride in strong-arming him. This made him turn up angry at the universe for doing his life so suffering. His terrorist activities were geared towards retaliation as he considered it the ultimate payback to those who wronged him. He was a bright pupil and at high school was even considered the school ‘s most promising computing machine coder ( Patrick, 1996 ) . Mc Veigh ‘s Terrorist activities involved the bombardment of the Alfred P. Murrah Building in which 168 people lost their lives and 450 people were injured. He blew up the edifice in a truck that contained about 5000 lbs of a compound of ammonium nitrate and Nitromethane. He is said non to hold been contrite as he had at last exacted retaliation to the greatest bully of all-the USA. He merely regretted holding led to the deceases of kids who attended day care at the land floor of the edifice. On the 11th June 2001 at the USA Federal penitentiary in Indiana ‘s Terre Haute Timothy Mc Veigh was executed by deadly injection holding been found guilty of charges of terrorist act leveled against him. The most dramatic characteristic about all the three terrorists is the fact that they were all bookmans. Osama bin Laden graduated with a grade in Civil Engineering, Theodore Kaczynsky was a child mastermind who joined Harvard at the stamp age of 16 and went on to go a professor of Mathematics, Timothy was good at programming and in high school, he was the schools most promising computing machine coder. The other similarity is that they were all driven by their beliefs and their actions were as a consequence of these beliefs, and they had no declinations whatsoever about their actions. The major difference is that while the latter two are domestic terrorists, Osama is an International terrorist who is still on the tally. The other two have been captured and incarcerated with Mc Veigh already executed. As per the profile at the start of the paper, they all fit since their terrorist inclinations seem to hold originated from their childhood thereby specifying their grownup life determinations and beliefs. From the research, their mind is a fact that was non so out in the unfastened and is one of the new facts learned in the class of the survey. Had timothy non been bullied so much in his childhood, he may non hold turned out so angry at the universe and acted in the mode in which he did. Possibly the CIA ‘s experiment on Theodore may hold backfired taking him to go the unstable person he subsequently became, and Osama may hold turned different had he turn up in a different scene that did non portray other ideals apart from Islam as misleading.